The size matters in cosmological models.

“Two images from the Quijote simulations used in this study. The panels show the same region of the Universe, but in different cosmological models. The top image corresponds. To the standard ΛCDM, adiabatic cold dark matter model, while the bottom image shows a universe with massive neutrinos and modified gravity. “(ScitechDaily, AI Learned the Rules of the Universe and That Became a Problem)

The differences are subtle, but they reveal how changes in the underlying physics can affect the formation and distribution of cosmic structures. Credit: Francisco Villaescusa-Navarro (ScitechDaily, AI Learned the Rules of the Universe and That Became a Problem)

The term ACDM can also mean : the associated critical data model. That is the critical tool, when the sensor. It transmits information to the AI. 

AI can help cosmologists, but it can also become a problem. 

The method researchers call transferable learning can help them develop new models in cosmology and many other things. The term transferable learning. Means when the system learns something. It can apply. That learned thing. To other similar cases. So, when AI sees similar curves in some other cases. It can use things that it has already learned. To that other problem. This means that. The researchers must not always. Begin the training process. From the beginning. 

The AI can search for similarities for the new thing in its memory. And if there is a match. That thing means that the AI. It can use that model for reaction. This should make AI more effective. The problem is this. The AI selects its sources using statistics. And that can make it hard to bring new data for the AI. Old research. They are very often-used sources. If somewhere is the new data. Before, nobody used the new data as a source. Old data dominates search engines. The AI is an excellent tool. When it must collect and analyse data from the galaxy movements. 

But in cases like supermassive neutrons, the AI is in trouble. The AI is the best in business. When it must analyze precise information. Things like galaxy clusters and their movements are precise information. But in cases like supermassive neutrinos. The AI is not very good. At things where it must create models for new physics. When AI must observe phenomena. It can interpret them as the same. Even if they are different. Or in the cases. 

There are some observations. Objects’ temperatures change. The AI might not know that the object’s temperature can change virtually. Because if something travels between the telescope and the object. That means. that the brightness or temperature. That reaches the observer changes. The AI might not notice things like clouds. In the Earth's atmosphere. Or other surprises when it observes some targets like Cepheid variables. If the system doesn’t know about that thing. It can recognize the Cepheid variable as a new star. If it doesn’t know that the star is a Cepheid. 

When AI tries to analyze a certain point. That thing is very hard to do. But when AI must analyze. A very large entirety. The AI becomes more effective. The AI sees things. Like movements of galaxy clusters. And it can make. An analysis of the changes in those movements. We can use fuzzy logic to analyze how the star clusters move in the galaxy. But then we face a problem. If we try to predict. The movement of the galaxy. In its supercluster. That is hard. 

We must know the entire system to make. A complete analysis with high precision. 

The problem is in perspective. The thing that seems large on Earth. Seems very small in the scale of the Sun. And the sun seems very small in the scale of the galaxy. When the scale of the system turns bigger. The forces in the system are also stronger. In big systems. The phenomenon scale is larger. But they affect more slowly. From our perspective. The forces that travel between galaxies take millions of years to reach other galaxies. The distance between the Andromeda galaxy and the Milky Way. It is 2.6 million ly. So light travels 2,6 million years from that galaxy to the Milky Way. And that means that any force traveling between those galaxies needs 2,6 million years for that trip. 

When we try to create a model. Of how one small sand bite behaves in a river. We must know many things. Like changes in the forces that affect the sand bite. But if we want to predict how the sand bottom behaves in the river. We can make that calculation very easily. When we think about galaxies. Stars are like sand bites on the bottom. 

One star’s behavior is hard to predict. But the entirety is quite easy to  calculate. And then we can go to bigger systems. In galactic superclusters, the galaxy is like sandbite on the bottom of the river. The force that affects the entire galaxy. Must be much harder than the force that affects sandbite. But millions of galaxies. They send. A very much. Energy. Many sudden things can happen in the galactic superclusters. Those events might not. Seem.

Like a very sudden thing. But an eruption in the core of the galaxy can start in milliseconds. Shockwave travels across the galaxy at the speed of light. So, if the star is at a distance. Of two light-years from the eruption source. The shockwave of radiation. It travels to that star. So, if Sagittarius A erupts violently in the core of our galaxy, the Milky Way. The radiation travels to Earth 26.000 years. The distance between Earth and that supermassive black hole. It’s 26.000 ly. The material, or plasma shockwaves, travel far behind that radiation shockwave. And the distance between plasma and wave movement increases all the time. 

 But. If things like supermassive black holes are in the trajectory. That makes them collide. That thing is very hard to change. When we face things like galactic superclusters. Things that happen on that scale seem very slow. But forces that put galaxies. To turn their trajectories into travel. At the speed of light. The force. That affects things. Like, turn their trajectories. Must affect a certain time with a certain force. 

If we want to create an AI that analyzes galactic clusters star by star. We cannot make that thing. In the galactic scale, it suddenly happens. Violent eruptions. Those eruptions can break the entire model. In the scale of superclusters, events like supernovas don’t have enough force to affect the macrosystem. But a supernova could destroy things like dwarf galaxies. But if the supernova explosion happens in dense star clusters. That shockwave. Can. Launch other supernova explosions. 

https://scitechdaily.com/ai-learned-the-rules-of-the-universe-and-that-became-a-problem/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*

About dark energy. And its existence.

"Astronomers say a new analysis has reinforced one of the most important discoveries in modern cosmology, finding that the universe is still expanding at an accelerating rate."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

"The result counters a controversial claim made in late 2025 that suggested dark energy, the mysterious phenomenon thought to drive the universe’s accelerating expansion, might be weakening. If true, that claim would have called into question decades of research and a cornerstone of modern astronomy."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

Astronomers confirmed dark energy. And that means the universe’s expansion continues to accelerate. So, dark energy will not turn weaker. It’s possible that because the gravitational effect between objects decreases. And the relation between gravity and dark energy changes. This means that the gravitational effect turns weaker. And the dark energy effect turns stronger. The fact is that. Also, visible energy interacts with structures in the universe. And at the beginning of the universe. Objects were closer. But things like plasma and energy were “denser”. 

So, that means that the energy effect in the young universe was stronger than in the modern universe. Dark energy is a wave motion. That originates in the unknown. There is suspicion that dark energy has its origin. In the particles, superstrings. The superstring forms a whisk-shaped structure. 

The expansion of the universe puts that structure to oscillate. Those superstrings´ oscillation. It forms a wave movement that they transmit around the universe. In that model, the dark energy is a wave movement. Its origin is in very small particles. The number of those particles is in this model. A very high. And that explains the effect of dark energy. It is visible only in relation to the large-scale structures. 

So, could those particles that form dark energy be photons? Photons are the ring- or a donut-shaped structure. And that means photons could focus energy. In the middle of it. In that case, the photon could focus energy. Like the Higgs field in the middle of it. That point. It can turn into a quantum-sized quasar. This means that the photon. It can theoretically form. 

The quantum-size Kugelblitz black hole. In the middle of it. There is a possibility that a photon traps a neutrino in the middle of it. And electromagnetic radiation affects that photon. Or the neutrino spins very fast. That thing can turn a neutrino into a quantum-sized black hole. And that could be a source. For dark energy. In some other models, A wave string travels. Through a photon. That string. It can act as the thermal pump that transports energy out from the photon. If that happens fast enough. The photon turns invisible. And it collects energy for that thermal pump. 

This means that dark energy must have an internal source in our universe. But before we see a particle that transmits dark energy. We cannot be sure what that strange force is. That rips the universe in pieces. This means that dark energy is formed when the universe is born in the Big Bang. The problem is this. If. The level of dark energy is always the same. 

And the universe expands. This means that. The dark energy. It does not have a connection. With the Big Bang. The energy level. The amount of dark energy should decrease when the universe expands. If that energy was released from the Big Bang or some ancient particles, send it. Before they turned into some existing elementary particles. If the source of the dark energy is lost. That energy should turn weaker. And that causes an interesting idea. 

The image of a photon. 

What if the source of dark energy is outside the universe? Things like antimatter-matter annihilation outside the universe. It can be the source of dark energy. 

This means that. It’s possible that there are some kind of radiation sources. People tried to explain dark energy. As evidence of a multiverse. In this theory, dark energy has a source. In other universes. In some other model. The dark energy forms when a hypothetical tachyon particle enters our universe. The entropy and scattering effects outside the universe are very low. 

So, these particles can travel faster. Than. They travel in the universe. This means that a tachyon is a particle that travels faster than it should. So when some particle comes from outside the universe. In the universe. That particle can travel faster. Than. It can travel in the universe. This causes an effect. The particle must slow its speed. The particle must release its energy. For slowing. This means that dark energy. It can be some kind of Cherenkov radiation. 

Cherenkov radiation forms when. A neutron comes out of a nuclear reactor. In a short moment, that particle travels faster than light travels in water. The neutron must slow its speed. And it sends a blue light shockwave. The same thing makes the sky blue. When a neutrino or electron hits the atmosphere. It travels faster than light does in the atmosphere. And this means. Those particles release their kinetic energy as the blue light flash. 

But if dark energy is some kind of Cherenkov radiation. That doesn’t mean that the source of those particles is in the other universes. The dark energy is visible only between galaxy superclusters. All galaxies have halos around them. That means that. The galaxies might be surrounded by a similar plasma halo that forms a heliopause around the Sun. The plasma bubble or standing impact wave. Forms when solar wind impacts stellar wind. The stellar wind. It is the particle flow from other stars. 

In the same way, galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters are probably surrounded by impact waves that form. When particle flow from other structures impacts the particle flow. That comes from galaxies in our clusters and superclusters. If those impact waves exist. They would be denser points in the universe. This means that. Scattering effect. It is stronger in that structure. This means that. The speed of light in that plasma wave is a little bit lower. 

The speed of light in and outside those plasma bubbles. So when a particle impacts that plasma bubble. It releases its energy into that plasma wave. This means the energy that the slowing particle sends. Continues as a wave in that plasma halo. This causes an effect. The plasma ball sends energy. Into the middle of it. This means. That this oscillating plasma interacts like a vacuum bomb. The energy that the plasma ball sends inside it. Reflects back. And that can mean that the plasma balls are the source of that mysterious energy. 

Or maybe particles that travel through wormholes. Are. The source of dark energy. The wormhole. It is a hypothetical energy tunnel. Through space and time. The energy level of those particles is higher than it should be. And they should release their energy. In the form of some kind of radiation.If there is no entropy in front of the particle that travels in a wormhole. Nothing limits its speed.  In the same way as when high-energy particles come out from galaxy superclusters, they send energy to space that is at a lower energy level than they are. 

Sometimes it is suggested that the dark matter particles form dark energy. When they evaporate. This would be an interesting idea. But nobody has seen dark matter. 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1131610

https://www.msn.com/en-us/science/astronomy/astronomers-debunk-controversial-study-confirm-universe-still-expanding-at-accelerating-rate/ar-AA25tzft

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260612032030.htm

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-confirm-dark-energy-after-shock-challenge-rocked-cosmology/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://spaceeyenews.com/dark-energy-acceleration-confirmed/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, SETI, and mathematics.

“Exoplanet Kepler 168b An artist’s impression of the rocky, habitable-zone exoplanet Kepler-168b. Credit: NASA Ames/NASA/JPL–Caltech/Tim Pyle (Caltech)”(ScitechDaily, The Nearest Alien Civilization Could Be 33,000 Light-Years Away)

“New research suggests that technological civilizations in the Milky Way are extremely rare, with the closest potentially 33,000 light-years away.” (ScitechDaily, The Nearest Alien Civilization Could Be 33,000 Light-Years Away)

The closest civilization could be about 33000 light-years from Earth. That means it's very unlikely. That aliens make contact with us. 

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) tries to map the Universe and find an alien civilization. The closest civilization could be about 33000 light-years from Earth. That calculation is used to calculate the average distance between 33 points. That spreads evenly over the Milky Way-sized disk. Nobody made contact with an alien civilization, at least officially. So. Everything that is written about the aliens. Have hypothetical backgrounds. 

There is a possibility that people really saw the silver-suited small men around some capsules. But those things might be robots. That origin is in the Lockheed-Martin laboratories rather than in outer space. The origin of the aliens and UFOs can be in some. More or less secretive research and development programs that originate in the Pentagon or some other authority, or in some defense industrial platforms. 

But if the next model is true, we should not worry about alien contacts. But if we get in contact, that means that we should be very afraid. The best possible distance to an alien civilization is 23140ly, if we calculate that the Milky Way’s diameter is 150000ly. In that case, there would be 33 intelligent civilizations in the Milky Way. In that purely theoretical model, those civilizations are evenly spread across the Milky Way. I used Gemini AI to calculate the average distance between 33 points on the Milky Way-sized disk. But there is more. About that thing later. 

Telescopes still wait for the signal from other civilizations. The SETI program has given. Lots of data about exoplanets. And has given a new data matrix and mathematical models for. How to separate and analyze weak radio signals. And separate them from the background. This program advanced the network-based calculations that made the large language models (LLMs), or AI, possible. The only thing that SET is not found is an intelligent alien civilization. 

SETI tries to find alien radio signals. It tries to find signs of pollution. And even a visual technosignature. Like cities from exoplanets. Those cities are hard to find, even if they are quite close to us. Those cities can be found by calculating what the luminosity of the planet’s dark side should be. For that, researchers should know what kind of surface the planet has. Then, if the luminosity is higher than it should be. That is the sign of an intelligent civilization. Or it's the sign of the very active volcanism on that planet. 

Another interesting thing is that the city itself doesn’t need atmosphere. There are models that intelligent aliens could create city-sized bases. Those are under the domes. And in that hypothetical model. The locked planet can give a perfect place for that kind of place. The base itself could be on the dark side of the planet. And on the sunny side could be the solar panels that deliver energy to that large base. That hides under pressurized domes on the dark side of the planet. This location protects that thing against the star eruptions. 

Those planets with no atmosphere can be perfect platforms for technically advanced civilizations. There are no original lifeforms on those planets. And that planet’s locked position offers the perfect place for the solar panels that harness energy from the sun. The dark side offers perfect safety for those bases. The residents of those bases can create an artificial atmosphere under those domes. But that thing is only a hypothetical model. About the advanced alien civilizations. 

AI-made impression of an alien base on a planet that has no atmosphere. 

There are models that suggest that there are 33 intelligent civilizations in the Milky Way. That feels very good to find an alien civilization. But if we think that those civilizations are evenly distributed in our galaxy. That means the average distance between those civilizations is 30853 ly. If we calculate that distance using the Milky Way’s diameter of 300,000 ly. 

And if we use the value 15000 ly. for the Milky Way diameter, the average distance between those civilizations would be 23140 ly. Those numbers are taken from Gemini AI, which got the mission. To put 33 points that spread evenly on the Milky Way-sized disk. The system introduced two values for the size of the Milky Way. Those values were 300000 ly and 150 ly. 

That means there is a very small chance of making contact with an alien civilization. The fact is that our radio transmissions do not even reach those civilizations. If we think. Heinrich Hertz's radio experiments in 1886 were the first radio transmissions. Those radio signals are spread to 136 ly. away from Earth. That means the closest possible civilization is far away from that bubble. 

And in that case, we must think that no side effect or disturbance covers those first signals. But if we think. The distance to the closest possible civilization is 23140 ly. And the size. The radio transmission bubble is 136 light-years. That is a ridiculous distance. This means that the alien civilizations are. Lucky for us. A very long distance from us. 

If those hypothetical civilizations sent a signal that arrives tomorrow, that means those signals left. Minimum 23140 years ago. And if we receive that kind of data transmission, that means the alien civilization is very old. And maybe that explains why we don’t get a message. If those aliens that sent their first message to Earth 12140 years ago. If the Milky Way's diameter is calculated to be 150,000 ly. Might follow the protocol of responsible scientists. They might not want to teach us. Everything about their technology. 

They might think that maybe it’s better to let us advance before they take contact, or maybe. Those hypothetical civilizations will not hear us. The reason for that is that our signals don’t reach those civilizations. If those aliens handle the wormhole-based communication, where qubits will transport through the wormholes, that means they don’t hear our signals. 

And there is a possibility. The wormholes allow only for sending the qubits or quantum communication through them. It’s possible that we will never meet another civilization. If we put the 500-year limit for “never”. And even if we put 1000 years, our signals will not yet reach the closest civilization. So, as always, we are alone until we get an answer. That moment will be the biggest thing. In human history. But when that happens? Nobody knows. And after that, we must be prepared for everything. 

Artist’s impression of the surface of the locked exoplanet. That could be Proxima Centauri b

But researchers. And mathematics gives only models. Of the alien civilizations. We don’t know anything about the other civilizations. All information. What we have is actually hypothetical. Researchers think. The Earth is not so unique. As we hope that it is. Latest findings on the planet Mars support the idea that life itself exists. It can be quite common in the universe. But intelligent lifeforms are very rare. There is a possibility. That there is another civilization. Or even many civilizations. But they are meaningless to us. This means that the alien civilization can be so far away that they cannot interact with us. The first contact will be the end of something in human history. That will be the moment. That we fear and we hope. As has been written many times. 

That contact can happen after 1000 years, or it can happen tomorrow. After that, we must be prepared for everything. We don’t know those aliens, or we don’t know anything about their culture. If or when we detect the alien signal, we must carefully think about the next step. If an alien civilization is too advanced, it can simply detonate us by accident. If they create the black hole machines that can transport passengers between stars in seconds. 

That thing can destroy us. If those aliens want to discuss with us, they might want to make the teleportation channel between them and us. If we don’t handle that technology, the black hole can destroy the entire planet. There is a possibility that aliens use too much power in the data transmission, and that can cause a massive solar eruption that destroys Earth. Those are things that can happen if we advance too fast. If aliens give us something. That thing can cause a situation where the system they give causes a very big detonation. 

https://scitechdaily.com/earth-may-not-be-so-special-after-all-new-study-finds/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-nearest-alien-civilization-could-be-33000-light-years-away/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio

https://scitechdaily.com/the-nearest-alien-civilization-could-be-33000-light-years-away/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio

The Fermi Paradox, the ultimate test.

   The Fermi Paradox, the ultimate test. 

Scientists suggest that all alien civilizations will collapse. Before they reach interstellar flight capacity. That is one of the things that causes big worries. Because we are also one of the civilizations. What makes us different than those still hypothetical aliens, who create a super weapon and then turn it against their own population. This is one of the things. Those are not very often mentioned. This is the thing. Called the final test in the civilization's ability to reach the Kardashev scale 2. The final test is this. The civilization must stop wars before it reaches Kardashev scale 1, which means it can travel in its solar system. The Kardashev scale 2 means that civilization can travel between stars. 

The big test is in the case. Where civilization faces some kind of ultimate threat, like a rogue planet. That enters their solar system. They must detonate that planet, or it will cause a lot of destruction. That requires an ability to create antimatter weapons or relativistic ammunition. The relativistic ammunition will be sent through the large linear accelerator. The satellites that go together like LEGOs. And they involve the channel that forms a giant particle accelerator. Or the so-called Gauss track. The RKV ammunition can be. The metal needle that the magnetic system accelerates to a speed. That is about 20-50% of the speed of light. 

When that ammunition hits the target, even a large planet will be destroyed. The anti-matter weapon can be a particle accelerator that uses photon-accelerated positrons. Another version is the small magnetic tank, where those positrons can hover. The railgun can shoot that tank against that incoming planet. Those systems are tools. That can turn evil. In the wrong hands. Those superweapons are tools. That power-hungry actors can use as blackmail the entire civilization. The thing that destroys those civilizations is the war against their own colonies. There is a possibility that those colonies. 

This civilization uses those colonies. To exploit its solar system’s resources. Can turn rebellious. There can be power-hungry leaders who prosecute their home planet for colonialism. And that can turn this Kardashev scale 1 civilization into a civil war. Another question is this. Can this thing be the end of human civilization? If the ultimate end of civilization is civil war, how can we be an exception? When we talk about things like the costs of interstellar flight, we face the fact that there are always points where the money doesn’t mean. 

First, this hypothetical alien civilization might have a different culture. And maybe they don’t care about money. And the point when their star starts to expand is the ultimate final point. Civilization must create ships that take those creatures to other solar systems. Or they will face extinction. The highly advanced civilization can use zombie stars as a power source. They must only drive material to the white dwarfs or the neutron star’s shell. But they must survive the supernova or nova eruption. That can be very violent. The question is always this. 

Can we avoid that situation? Well, the fact is this: sooner or later, our Sun will expand into a red giant. In this case, the sun will destroy our planet. If our descendants exist. They must move away, or the red giant burns them in an inferno that we cannot even imagine. When the sun uses its fuel. That star known as the Sun explodes as a nova. The result is a white dwarf. Maybe. Our descendants can create space stations. that can survive that event. And then they can start to drive material, like ions, to the white dwarf shell. Or they can create lots of solar sails and send those crafts to the galaxy using the nova eruption as a booster. 

When we talk about things like generation ships. We face one. Very big assumption. We always think. Those crews that travel with those slow spaceships are sent by a civilization that waits for them to return. The thing is that there is a possibility that those crews left from the solar systems that were destroyed a long time ago. That means those ships might have left their solar system in the final moment. And that means there might be nothing waiting for those crews. That is one hypothesis that should make us afraid. 

https://www.rudebaguette.com/en/2025/09/weve-hit-the-universal-limit-scientist-claims-all-alien-civilizations-collapse-before-reaching-interstellar-travel-while-humanity-approaches-technological-dead-end/

Black Holes, Dark Matter, and Information.

   Black Holes, Dark Matter, and Information. 

"Artist’s conception of a supermassive black hole, billions of times more massive than the sun, like those found at the centers of galaxies. The black hole’s rapid spin and powerful magnetic fields can launch enormous jets of plasma into space, a process that could potentially generate the same results as human-made supercolliders. Credit: Roberto Molar Candanosa/Johns Hopkins University" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Eye Black Holes as Cosmic Supercolliders in the Hunt for Dark Matter)

At the beginning of time, before our universe, only a G-field, or gravitational field, existed. Then, there formed some kind of whirls in that G-field. Those hypothetical whirls were gravitons. The idea is that the hypothetical graviton particle is a stick-shaped structure, a particle that forms from the quantum field. 

The form of the hypothetical graviton particle could be like tornado. So are the graviton and another hypothetical particle, axion the same thing? The idea is that we cannot see axions because their spin is so fast that it creates fields around them in the shape that looks a little bit like a black hole. 

The idea is that the graviton is so smooth that it cannot take outside fields inside it. And then it starts to transport those fields into its spin axle. So could that thing also explain dark energy? Graviton pulls energy from around it. That particle binds that energy inside in the form of kinetic energy and then aims it to the spin axle. That particle looks like a black hole. The particle collects energy until its energy level turns so high that energy can start to travel outside the particle or quantum field that surrounds it. 

When the mass or kinetic energy of a particle grows, it pulls material and quantum fields from larger areas into it. That thing locks black holes into their form. If that whirl vanishes black hole erupts immediately. That whirl denies the energy escaping from the particle’s or objects' equator. And that is the thing that creates the black hole’s relativistic jet. 

Black holes pull information inside them. Or if we think carefully, black hole rolls information from its environment around its spin axle. That means there is possibility to release that information. There is a question of whether information exists without a physical form. So if we think that information is wave movement, we must ask can information travel without superstrings or does it need superstring for existence. Information will be stored in quantum fields and particles as in curves. That should not be erased even in black holes. Those curves, or “mountains” and “valleys” can turn so low that they are hard to detect. 

But theoretically is possible to restore, or recalculate information that black hole stored. When black hole pulls quantum field, and information that quantum field carries inside it, we can think that the process is similar when something rolls paper around axle. The paper forms the roll, and it's possible to roll that paper from the axle. This is the thing. That makes the black hole collisions interesting. There is a possibility that during those events, the black hole can pull information out from another black hole. And possible somday we could decode that information. 

Researchers uncovered a hidden symphony in a black hole hidden vibrations. And that might help them to read information. That the black hole stored. 

"Black holes don’t just warp space, they sing. And now, for the first time, we’ve figured out what their cosmic echoes really sound like. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Uncover the Spiraling Symphony Hidden in Black Hole Vibrations)

Another interesting thing in the universe are very old, large black holes. The biggest black holes formed in the early universe. Those monsters lost their mass after that. The reason for this is the expansion of the universe. Or, otherwise, weakening quantum fields and decreasing the number of particles. This thing tells. The universe expands. Or does it? There is another explanation for that thing. This very radical theory goes like this: the black hole is a more common phenomenon in the universe than we expected. And the black holes that are “sleeping” simply pull particles and quantum fields inside them. If those black holes exist between galaxies, they are very hard to detect. 

If all electromagnetic fields and particles are formed after the Big Bang, or the beginning of the universe, that means that when black holes pull those fields and particles inside them, there are fewer particles and fields left in the universe. So, can we see that effect as an expansion of the universe? There is a possibility that only the G-field existed before the Big Bang. And that field formed all other quantum fields. But we know that black holes are massive objects. There are black holes between galaxies. And black holes can collact particles to around them. 

That means that the dark matter should interact with black holes. And maybe that thing helps to find things like axions. Axions are hypothetical dark matter particles. Sometimes is introduced that axions are particles that spin very fast. That thing means that the axion can be like a stick or some kind of rugby ball. So, that means that. Maybe near black holes, regular particles could turn into axions. When a particle's spin accelerates, it binds energy into it in the form of kinetic energy. During that process, the outside quantum fields travel to that particle. 

And press it into a smaller size. If we think that particle is a whisk-shaped superstring stucture when outcoming quantum field pushes particle into a smaller size, those superstrings turn closer to each other. If those superstrings turn close enough to each oher. That turns the particle very smooth. And that means the quantum fields travel around the particle. The quantum fields that travel to the particle’s poles will start to travel out from the particle along its spin axis. That thing means that the particle starts stretching. 

And then it starts to transport the quantum field out from its spin axle. If some stick-shaped, fast-spinning particles form black holes, that means that the black hole will not pull things inside it. It just accelerates and aims fields form around it. That thing explains the black hole relativistic jet. That causes the idea. That maybe hypothetical gravitons are axions. Maybe. The graviton is like a tornado in the G-field.  As I wrote at the beginning of this text. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mysterious-radio-signals-reveal-whats-hiding-between-galaxies/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-eye-black-holes-as-cosmic-supercolliders-in-the-hunt-for-dark-matter/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-uncover-the-spiraling-symphony-hidden-in-black-hole-vibrations/

https://scitechdaily.com/webb-telescope-spots-oldest-black-hole-shattering-cosmic-records/

Radical new theory about dark matter.

  Radical new theory about dark matter.

"An artistic illustration of the mechanism proposed by Professor Stefano Profumo where quantum effects near the rapidly expanding cosmic horizon after the Big Bang gravitationally generate dark matter particles. Credit: Stefano Profumo" (ScitechDaily, Two Wild New Theories Could Finally Explain Dark Matter)

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Next quotes are from ScitechDaily

"One idea envisions a hidden “mirror” universe with its own particles and forces, where the early cosmos forged tiny, incredibly dense black hole–like objects that could make up all the dark matter in existence."

"Another proposes that dark matter emerged from the universe’s rapid expansion, born through quantum radiation at the very edge of the observable cosmos during a short but dramatic period after the Big Bang."

"Both possibilities are grounded in established physics, offering testable explanations that carry forward UC Santa Cruz’s tradition of connecting the smallest particles with the largest cosmic mysteries."

(ScitechDaily, Two Wild New Theories Could Finally Explain Dark Matter)

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The new radical theory explains dark matter as it formed in the quantum fields in the young universe. Or in some other, even more exciting versions, dark matter formed in the mirror universe.  This new theory tries to explain dark matter as particles that formed just after the Big Bang. Then some of those particles stayed in a higher energy level than other material. 

We must notice that the matter that we can detect is a minority in the universe. The term "dark matter" means a gravitational effect that has no visible source. There is a model of a hypothetical tachyon particle. That which travels faster than light leaves a track or hole behind it. That channel is like a hole or a tunnel in the 3rd. Dimension. And that tunnel makes those fields move like real particles. But in that model, tachyons must exist. 

"Diagram of the Meissner effect. Magnetic field lines, represented as arrows, are excluded from a superconductor when it is below its critical temperature." (Wikipedia, Meissner effect)

In the gravitational model, Tc (temperature critical) is replaced by Mc (Mass critical). There could also be a critical density at which this thing works. So maybe singularity in black holes or energy in the event horizon makes the gravity behave like EM-fields interact with superconducting objects. Maybe that effect in gravitational form requires that the object is surrounded by an absolutely slight quantum gravity bubble that aims gravity waves around the object. In that model, the object has a slight quantum field that cannot catch and hang onto the outside quantum field around it. That makes outside fields slide around the object. 

G-(gravity)field and dark matter. There is a model that G-field or gravity waves can exist without material or other quantum fields. That means there are four fundamental interactions. Those interactions are gravity, electromagnetism, weak nuclear interaction, and strong nuclear interaction. Each of those four interactions has its individual transmitter particle. And those interactions have wave and particle forms. Three of those transmitter particles, bosons, are known. The graviton is missing a transmitter particle.

Each of them can form individual fields. Every single field has individual wavelengths. Wavelength in electromagnetic fields is different from the wavelength in the weak nuclear interaction, for example. All of those fields can exist independently. And that means: gravity- or G-field can exist without other fields. 

There is a model of dark matter that suggests it is the graviton, or an extremely small black hole. The idea is that the particle's spin is very fast. And that can form the effect that looks like a Meissner effect. That spin drives makes electromagnetic fields behave like they behave around the superconducting particle. That thing makes those particles invisible. That means that dark matter is free gravitons. 

Those things are still hypothetical particles. And proving that thing requires that dark matter have a particle form. That means things like axions or weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, are the same thing as gravitons. The graviton is a mythical transmitter particle that transmits gravitational waves. That particle is hard to detect. And harder to confirm. The energy flow around that particle allows it to interact. But the interaction point is too small. Or maybe the graviton is like a neutrino, and maybe it can tunnel through matter. 

Another interesting part of the new model is that. The dark matter comes from some kind of anti-universe. There is a possibility that there is a so-called anti-universe. When our universe, or the universe where we live, expands, that anti-universe falls, or reduces. That causes the idea that maybe time travels backward in that anti-universe. But that is one of the models that requires more discussion. 

The thing is that the anti-universe is the place where material turns younger because its energy level rises. Or maybe, we should say that the energy density in the anti-universe causes matter to turn younger. But can the dark matter be material where time moves backward? 

Is it possible that the dark matter is in the bubble, or the so-called WARP bubble, where it gets more energy than it releases? If WIMP or whatever the dark matter particle can be gets more energy than it releases, that means the particle travels opposite in time than all other particles. 

https://scitechdaily.com/two-wild-new-theories-could-finally-explain-dark-matter/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

About scientific theories

  About scientific theories

All scientific theories that we have must be based on some kind of knowledge. Or they should be based on the best available knowledge. We get our knowledge using instruments like telescopes. And that is one of the things that makes science living. Our view of the world is changing all the time, because we get new and more effective instruments to do research. That means things like JWST telescopes bring new and fundamental views into our knowledge. And still, we are looking at precisely the same things that ancient philosophers researched and thought. We know more particles than ancient philosophers. But we still look for the ultimate part of materia. 

That part is the thing that we cannot decay. This is the thing in modern science. We find smaller and smaller structures, but we cannot find the ultimate part that cannot decay anymore. We can discuss things like God. And then we can see that those questions are too hard for people. Sometimes scientists don’t talk about religion because they are afraid of anger. But the other thing is this. Some people say that God is a member of a species that visited a long time ago. That means if a person believes in God, that person believes in other extraterrestrial civilizations. 

And those things are somehow very sensitive things in science. When we talk about the SETI program, we must realize that things like species on other planets were science fiction or pseudoscience a couple of decades ago. In the 1980s, people claimed that there were no other solar systems. And today we know many other solar systems. But we don’t know any other civilization. There was one promising exoplanet where there could be phosphine and methane in its atmosphere. But then the checks deleted those observations. 

The JWST telescope is the first instrument that can research exoplanets' atmospheres. The water planets can host lifeforms like primitive algae. But can there be intelligent and technically advanced lifeforms? The answer can be something that we don’t want to find out. Maybe primitive life is quite a common thing in the universe. But intelligent and technically advanced civilizations are less common. Nobody actually knows if there is some algae in the distant waterworld's oceans until we can fly to those exoplanets. Those algae don’t make any contact with other civilizations. But if we face another intelligent species from another solar system, there is always the possibility that the contact is hostile. 

And then we must remember the dark forest hypothesis. The universe is like a dark forest. We think that we are alone. We can yell and ask if there is somebody. But we cannot know what kind of thing is in the darkness. There can be some kind of bandit waiting for the right moment to strike. And that’s why we should think carefully, if we want to make contact with other civilizations that we don’t know. 

The thing is this. We don’t know anything about the aliens. We have many hypotheses. But those hypothesis bases are in our own culture. There are no officially confirmed alien contacts. That means all our “knowledge” of the other intelligent species is purely hypothetical, or its base is in imagination. And the imagination continues until we get in contact. 

Maybe that contact comes tomorrow, maybe after 1000 years. Maybe it will ever come. The problem is that nobody can predict when the contact will come. Or maybe someday in the distant future, when the Sun turns into a white dwarf, the human civilization moves to another solar system. In that case, our species turns into many other species. When the Sun uses its fuel, humans or our descendants must leave the solar system or face extinction. But those things happen in the distant future.