What does space-time mean?

“A bold challenge to the 'block universe' suggests our understanding of space-time—and reality itself—may be far less settled than it seems. Credit: AI/ScienceDaily.com” (ScienceDaily) 

Space-time refers to the combination of space and time. This means that matter and time. Are in interaction. Time is connected with matter. And matter connected with time. But then we must realize one thing: why space-time? Or spacetime, is so hard to determine. The reason for that is simple. We don’t know about the nature of time. We can say that the expansion of the universe is the thing. That puts energy into the move. When the universe expands. There is less energy left. And that means that energy flows away from matter. This means that sooner or later. 

All particles should turn. Into a wave movement. This means that time is at least energy. Or it's the energy and particle interaction. Schwinger effect. Or wave-particle duality means that. Energy. It can turn into a particle. And otherwise, a particle can turn into energy. This is one of the determinants for the time. But then we can see that time moves differently at different points in the universe. Gravitation slows time. And the reason for that is theoretically very simple. The gravitational center packs quantum fields more densely around it. That slows the matter evaporation. 

This is one version of the thing. That could determine time. Then we must realize that time should travel differently in particles of matter. When we think about time, we face one interesting detail. We should also ask how time moves in protons, neutrons, or quarks. The Tipler cylinder is the theoretical time machine. The idea of that thing. It is that a fast-spinning cylinder slows time inside it. The idea of the Tipler cylinder. It is possible to transfer. Into the particles. 

Fermionic particles themselves have spin 1/2. This means that the fermions wobble back and forth. In antimatter, spin is opposite. And the question is, what actually determines which is an antifermion and which is a fermion? Fermions are the elementary particles that form matter. The electron has a negative electric charge. And its mirror particle, the positron, has a positive electric charge. Also, quarks have their anti-quark pairs. 

Particles. They are not just particles. They are particles, and all particles are surrounded by halos. That halo is the quantum field. So all particles are in the spinning whirl. This whirl pushes the particle to spin forward. Then suddenly that field loses its touch. And then the particle returns to the position. There it was. A particle is a whisk-shaped structure. The superstring that forms the ball.  The quantum field or that whirl touches the particle. In the points of those superstrings. When that field pushes a particle forward, it injects energy into it. 

When the energy level of a particle turns higher than the energy level of its halo. The halo jumps away from that particle. And then the elementary particle turns back. Into its original position. The expansion of the universe causes a situation. That energy level around the particle-halo combination turns lower. And that means that energy travels away from that halo. When that halo transports its energy. Into its environment, that halo also expands. And that is one of the reasons. For why supermassive black holes are so large. At the beginning of the universe. Those black holes were normal-sized. But when quantum fields in the universe turned weaker. They expanded to an incredible size. 

So when particle and antiparticle pairs impact. That impact neutralizes their halos. And that means that particles release energy. That is stored in their superstrings. So, that reaction turns those particles into a wave movement in a reaction called annihilation. 

When a particle changes its direction, it releases a photon. That is because it must release kinetic energy. That is stored in it while it spins. Before a particle can change its direction, it must stop. And in that process, it must release its kinetic energy. When a particle releases its kinetic energy, it releases something from itself. It loses a little. A bit of its mass. An elementary particle is formed from energy. And that means that little bit of energy that formed the particle is gone. 

When it releases that photon. When we think about cases. That particle has a lower energy level than the surrounding ones. That means that the particle receives energy. And before the particle changes its spin direction. It will not send photons. When a particle slows its spin. It starts to release its kinetic energy as wave motion. And finally, that wave motion turns into photons. If a particle just receives energy. It turns invisible. This causes an idea. Whether the black hole is a particle or an object. 

That spin is more than 1 (>1). In that case, the particle pulls energy inside it. Until its energy level is higher than the energy level in its halo. If a particle or object focuses energy inside it. That energy behaves like a laser. This means that the energy forms the spike. Or the beam. That can travel out from that object. This means that this effect acts like a giant thermal pump. That transports energy out from objects like a black hole. So why? The black hole's gravitational field is so strong. The reason for that is that. The black hole is very close to the homogeneous particle. This means that the entropy inside it is very low. Also, in normal particles and objects, there are energy spikes in the particle’s spin axis. 

But the difference is that. Those particles are turning in different directions. And those energy spikes are random. But in the cases of neutron stars. Every single neutron is in the N/S position. This decreases entropy. That means that those “thermal pumps” travel through all neutrons. And in the middle of the neutron star. That beam transports energy out from the structure with the highest power. The neutron’s shells create structures. That takes energy into them. 

But what if those objects have no internal structures? In black holes, there is no internal structure. Energy travels straight into the spin axle. And there it forms the beam that transmits energy to the black hole’s core. This effect causes an extremely powerful energy transfer. To the center of the black hole. If a black hole cannot release its energy, its mass increases. That makes time travel backward in black holes. The black hole’s event horizons will expand. The expansion of the black hole’s event horizon is an interaction. The expansion of the universe causes. The quantum fields around the black holes turn weaker. That means that the black hole’s halos expand. And that is one of the reasons. For why those supermassive black holes are so large. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260606075858.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_block_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

Why are most distant galaxies distancing so fast?

“Standard candles (left) and standard rulers (right) are two different techniques astronomers used to measure the expansion of space at various times/distances in the past. Based on how quantities like luminosity or angular size/diameter change with distance, we can infer the expansion history of the Universe. Standard candles involve looking at objects whose intrinsic brightness is known at all cosmic distances, while standard rulers involve looking at features such as the physical size of a known object or the average separation distance between any two galaxies (imprinted from baryon acoustic oscillations during the early stages of the Big Bang) that evolve as the Universe expands.” (Big Think, Ask Ethan: How can ultra-distant galaxies move so fast?)

Here, we must realize one thing. We don’t know the luminosity of the most distant objects. There can be dark nebulae between Earth and those objects. Another thing is that. There are two directions in which those objects move. The horizontal and vertical. The vertical movement is the movement away from our galaxy. And the horizontal movement is the movement to the side from the original direction of our galaxy. 

This means that if we were to find a galaxy. That is the opposite of our galaxy, and both galaxies orbit the center in the same direction. That means we would not see horizontal movement at all. But the vertical distancing, the redshift of that galaxy, will be incredible. The redshift measures the vertical movement. Spectral lines in that distant galaxy turn red. The horizontal movement is measured by using different methods. 

If this galaxy is found. That could bring us closer to proving the existence of dark flow. If dark flow exists. And galaxies orbit the same point. That tells us. The universe has a mass center. Or. There is a point that puts the entire universe in orbit around it. 

The answer is in the position of the observer. The phenomenon is opposite to the case where two cars collide at a speed of 50 km/h. This means that. When car 1 has a speed of 50 km/h. And a car 2 also has a speed of 50 km/h, the impact speed. It is 50 km/h + 50 km/h. And. That is 100 km/h. So, the effect is similar to that of a car impacting a standing wall at a speed of 100 km/h. Same way. If two cars are distancing themselves. 

To the opposite direction. And both of them have a speed of 50 km/h, the distancing speed is also 100 km/h. This is one of the things that we can just say. That everything is relative. When two electrons collide in the particle accelerators at a speed of 80% of the speed of light. That means their impact speed is 160% of the speed of light. Those particles will not cross the speed of light. But their mutual speed is higher. 

The mutual speed of two objects can be different from the speed of each of the objects. In the same way, when two photons travel in opposite directions. Their mutual speed. It is. Two times faster. Than the speed of light. 

Then to galaxies. Measurements of the distancing speed of galaxies. It is measured by using the Doppler effect. This means that the wavelength of the radiation becomes longer. Then two objects are distancing. This means that spectral lines travel to the red. And when another object gets closer to us, that turns the wave movement shorter. 

This is the effect, called blueshift. But. We must realize that gravitation pulls that radiation longer. And this means that. Near black holes, all objects seem slower. Than they really are. So galaxies cause an effect on the object that comes closer, seeming to be slower than they really are. And objects that travel away seem to be distancing faster than they really do. We can call it an effect. There gravity stretches light.  As a virtual redshift. 

 But then. If. We are looking. At the most distant galaxies that are on the opposite side of the universe. We must realize that the speed always behaves the same way. When two galaxies are moving away from each other. Their distancing speed behaves like the distancing speed between two cars. The speed at which the systems measure. It is the speed of galaxy 1 + the speed of galaxy 2. 

But then another thing is this. Gravitation stretches light. This means that every gravitational center. Seems to be in longer distances than they really are. Gravitation stretches light on both sides of the measurement line. The galaxy that sends light pulls that light back. That causes a virtual redshift that is stronger than the real redshift.

When that light travels to the Milky Way, the gravity of our galaxy pulls the wave movement from the front. And that means that. Also, our galaxy has the effect of that redshift. In the cases of galaxies. The gravity stretches light so strongly that it has an effect on redshift. If we think that the effect of the gravitational redshift is very small in the case of light-years. 

But in the long distances. Like distances of megaparsecs, even small errors. Turn bigger. One parsec is 3,26 ly and a megaparsec is a million parsecs. 

In the same way as in the cases. That measurement tool makes a 1 mm error. In the 100m distances. That error might not seem big. But. When we try to measure distances. Like Earth's distance to Jupiter. Those errors turn into an enormous scale. 

⁠https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/how-galaxies-move-fast/⁠⁠

⁠https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_flow⁠⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

⁠https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec⁠⁠

Can the universe be infinite?

“Measurements of the early universe show that space appears flat across the observable cosmos. But beyond our horizon, the universe could still curve, loop, or connect in surprising ways, leaving its ultimate size and shape an open scientific question. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Is the Universe Infinite? The Surprising Truth About Cosmic Geometry)

Before we go into the new ideas of the universe and its geometry. We forget one thing. The infinite universe requires space outside the universe itself. And then we must determine the term “space”. There is “space” outside the universe, but is that space the “total emptiness” energy level that is lower than the energy level of the universe? This causes another question: if that “hypervoid” exists, that could create a situation where there is no particle that can travel across that hypervoid as a particle. This means everything that goes outside the universe turns into wave movement. Because there are no quantum fields in that area, the wave movement turns into a straight form. 

So. The wave that travels in that hypervoid will look like a straight string. This means that there are no internal changes in energy level in that wave. And if there are some other universes, this means that the wave movement comes from those universes. It is the same way as a string. When we observe wave movement, we can detect it because there are changes. In its energy level. This means that we see the change, not the energy itself. This is one of the reasons why we should always ask: Is there space around the universe? If information cannot keep its form in that area? Can we call that existence or not? Outside the universe, information gets its final form. 

But is the universe infinite? We can determine that the universe is a hypercluster of multiple internal clusters. So there is a possibility. The universe is a bubble in an extremely low-energy space. This means that the energy level in the universe is higher. Than the energy level around it. This means that energy travels out from the universe. Normally, we think that this energy flow is one-way. But if we think that particle that travels out from the universe turns into energy, that means that those particles send photons or energy waves back to the universe. This can mean. That some part of dark energy can come outside the universe, but is its origin in the other galaxies, or is it in those particles? This is one of the biggest questions. 

Can the universe expand faster than the speed of light? In a cosmic hypervoid, the speed of light would be far faster than it is in the universe. Another thing is more complicated. The universe pulls that wave movement back to it with its gravity. But. If we think that a cosmic supervoid can cause a situation, the wave movement stretches and turns into a straight form. So. This raises a question: Can information travel at an unlimited speed? Theoretically, that is possible if there are no quantum fields. But. That causes a situation where the wave transports information. Turns into a straight form. This means that returning that information is a very high process. The system should turn. Those energy hills and valleys. On that wave, back into its form. 

There is a possibility that the universe. It is like an energy hill. In the cosmic hypervoid. And if those hypothetical other universes exist, they are the same way energy hills. When we think of the edge of the universe. It’s possible that there is some kind of shockwave that travels ahead of the universe. This means that if that shockwave exists, there can be a very high energy threshold. The shockwave could be an energy hill that is only half a degree higher than the energy level in the inner universe. So there is a possibility. The drop in energy level behind that barrier is far higher. This means that at that point, energy travels out from the universe. Very fast. This means that the cosmic hypervoid is outside the universe. And it pulls the universe larger all the time. When the universe expands, that turns the quantum fields inside it weaker. That puts all elementary particles. To send a wave movement and photons. This increases entropy in the system. 

Without the expansion of the universe, there will be no free energy. There would not be cases where particles send photons. This expansion puts energy into the move. This is the thing that keeps processes in the universe going. And that is the thing that finally destroys the universe, or it destroys the universe in the form that we know it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/is-the-universe-infinite-the-surprising-truth-about-cosmic-geometry/

Why does everything exist?

 

In the very beginning of time and space. The event. Called: the Big Bang formed interference that caused the formation of matter. The Big Bang was not a single event. It was like a bubble. That fell into one point. And then energy reflected from that point. The Big Bang was like an oscillating bubble. The existence of matter requires that there was wave movement or even a static field in the space before the Big Bang happened. 

The Schwinger effect explains that particles are formed from the electromagnetic field. Or maybe. Some superstrings formed the whirls in the standing fields. There is a possibility. That's all the other wave fields. Like standing gravity waves, they can roll themselves into particles. The wave movement that should have existed before the Big Bang formed resistance. And that resistance formed the wave, which formed bubbles or whirls behind it. Without that resistance, the superstrings, which can be like small quantum tornadoes. Those quantum tornadoes formed quantum dots. That started to collect energy and wave movement around them. 

Maybe the Big Bang formed in the case that something oscillated the superstrings that caused the wave movement that traveled across the universe. The interference in or outside those quantum tornadoes can cause a situation where those small quantum tornadoes or quantum-size wormholes touch each other. And if energy traveled in the opposite direction, it formed the quantum-size electric arc. 

If we follow the model that all types of wave movements can pack into the same point, the quantum-size wormholes can make the quantum-size electric arc. And when we try to mimic the conditions at the beginning of the Universe. We forget that the quark-gluon plasma. At the beginning. The universe. It formed in conditions where the resistance was minimal. There were no such interferences as in the modern universe. 

Standard model with graviton, the gravitational wave transmitter, or gravitational transporter particle. The existence of the graviton is still hypothetical. But there is a possibility that the graviton exists in all particles. The graviton would be a particle that formed other particles around its shell. This means that all particles. Those that have mass should include the graviton. 

So, if the existence of the Universe is. The Schwinger. Effect doesn’t mean that the effect is formed in the electromagnetic field. It’s possible. That there formed hypothetical gravitons in the static field. Then those gravitons started to collect wave movement on their shell. Then those gravitons. Started. To grow into particles that we know as the Standard Model. 

The philosophical question about existence is this: if a bell rings in the forest, does it ring? The main idea is that. Even if we don’t have contact with that bell, we might think that it can ring. But. Otherwise, if the clock hand is removed, that clock will not ring. But we know that there is a clock. Well, there might be a clock in the forest, because we might have seen it yesterday. But otherwise, some other person. Might take it into the pocket. This means we cannot be sure. If. There is a bell still in the forest. Yesterday there was a bell, but now we cannot be sure. The bell exists. And because information cannot vanish. The information about the bell remains.  

If. We try to remember information and quantum theories. The information about that bell exists. But does the bell exist in the form of the bell? We might conclude that the information doesn’t depend on the object’s or space’s physical existence. But if existence requires interaction, the black hole that pulls objects behind the event horizon will remove matter from the universe. Otherwise, the black hole cannot destroy matter or information that is connected to matter. It just removes. Matter's. Ability to interact with its environment. 

When we think about wave-particle duality and the Schwinger effect, where wave movement turns into particles, and particles turn into wave movement. The impacting wave fields can form. The wire-shaped. A fast-spinning “worm” that can explain why. Can't we see the hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) or axions? The axion is the worm or rope-shaped structure of the traveling quantum tornadoes. Those quantum tori can be the quantum-size wormholes. Who have wrapped themselves around each other. 

When we talk about everything, we talk about matter. Matter is the thing that makes the universe exist. Then we can consider the existence of matter and think that the wave-particle duality is what makes matter exist. And in this moment, we must realize that matter is a condensed form of wave movement. In the same way, whether matter or otherwise, particles can turn into the wave movement, and wave movement can turn into matter. 

This causes one of the most interesting and important questions in the world. That question is a thing. That we don’t see. Exist or not? Does interaction, or visible interaction, determine existence? This means that. We should see things. That. They exist. But being invisible doesn’t mean non-existence. 

The holographic principle means that everything is actually holographic. This means that every type of wave movement can form the hologram. And the gravitational hologram formed the universe. This means that matter is condensed wave movement. 

And particles are actually an extremely dense hologram. So we could theoretically create a so dense hologram. That. It turns into a physical object. We can transform wave movement into quarks. So that means. Maybe someday. That thing called the Schwinger effect. It can turn even larger objects into wave movement and teleport them to other places. 

In modern cosmology, all matter began its existence in the Big Bang. Many times, people ask, what was the energy level of the Big Bang? We should rather ask, what was the relation between the Big Bang and its environment? 

The Big Bang was a series of events that caused interference. That formed whirls. And then those whirls in the energy field formed particles. This type of explanation doesn’t include the expansion of the Universe. This means that in the past it was probably. Particles and particle groups that don’t exist anymore. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/reality-objective-exist/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/something-instead-of-nothing/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Dark energy and star formation.

"This Is the Entire Universe Squeezed into One Image" (Space.com)

Accelerating expansion of the universe doesn’t necessarily mean that dark energy exists. The expansion causes the effect that the gravity turns weaker relative to the other four fundamental forces. But if the energy level in the universe is stable relative to the gravity. That means that. The energy source can be in matter or particles. That evaporates or turns into wave movement.  Another thing that could explain the static energy field is an outside energy source. And that causes the thought about the existence of other universes. 

Another dark energy source. It can be. In the galaxy filament. When those megastructures accelerate and slow. Those structures bind and release extra energy. Spinning protons and electrons in atomic hydrogen can accelerate and slow. Those particles are in a Bose-Einstein condensate state. That means those particles can be closed. In. The united quantum field. When some GRBs hit those fields, they send energy through the galaxy filament. Those waves can also explain dark energy. 

Could the Doppler effect, or redshift, explain dark energy? When objects are separating, redshift stretches the wavelength. That means it's possible that the red light. Turns into infrared radiation. Also. Infrared can turn into radio waves. And gamma-rays can turn into X-rays. Blueshift means that. When objects are closing. The wavelength turns shorter. But also things. Like gravitational fields, other radiation fields affect the wavelength. This means that. Part of the cosmic microwave background could have an origin as the infrared radiation. That redshift stretches. 

In some other model. The Bose-Einstein condensate. The state can cause an effect. That makes protons and neutrons turn so large that quarks inside them can drive quantum fields between them. That effect can cause quantum-size electric arcs between those quarks. And that thing can turn the particle invisible. And waves. Those impacts form. It could be a source of dark energy. But. The Doppler effect between separating particles may turn visible light into infrared radiation. 

The blueshift can also transform infrared into shorter-wavelength radiation. The IR radiation has the most effective radiation effect. If. Radiation transforms into radio waves. Or visible light, which means the radiation's effect on matter turns lower. 

We can say that dark energy. Is. Free energy that whirls around material. That free energy rips the universe into pieces. The reason why the acceleration of the universe accelerates. Is that. The gravitational effect between objects. Turns weaker. Because their distance grows. But. Things like quantum fields are also turning weaker. This means that quantum fields cannot transport energy. So strongly that quantum fields transported energy in the young universe. Without those fields, there is no movement. Even gravity waves cannot move in weak quantum fields. 

In some models. There is a shockwave. That formed during the Big Bang around the universe. The thing. That supports this shockwave is that, without that shockwave. The universe should collapse immediately. The shockwave will not travel at the speed of light. Because. The universe’s gravity pulls it back. This shockwave requires that something resists the escaping energy and matter. 

Then we can look at the time cone. And ask one interesting question: can we say that the universe could be like an electric arc? This means that the information focus can be in the metasurface of the present. Then two energy flows. Or. Maybe two arrows of time, impacted. That thing caused a shockwave that could form a vacuum. Forward. Of expanding material. That means there may be a so-called cosmic vacuum around the universe. 

If. Radiation crosses that type of vacuum. Its wavelength turns longer. In the same way. The universe’s own gravity fields. Stretch radiation. So. That means. Redshift. Forms infrared radiation in the universe. When we think about redshift and blueshift, that means that objects move against each other. Blueshift means. The wavelength of radiation turns shorter. When. Objects travel. To. Each other. In the universe, most objects. Like galactic megaclusters are traveling away from each other. This means that there is more red light in the universe than blue light. That means there is more infrared radiation in the universe than there should be. The redshift can pull red visible light into the infrared area. 

"A graphical representation of the expansion of the universe from the Big Bang to the present day, with the inflationary epoch represented as the dramatic expansion seen on the left. This visualization shows only a section of the universe; the empty space outside the diagram should not be taken to represent empty space outside the universe (which does not necessarily exist)." (Wikipedia, Expansion of the universe)

In. The same way. Redshift pulls gamma-rays into the X-ray area. And a black hole can stretch gamma rays into the IR- or even radio area. That slide is possible in the extreme gravitational field. The gravity field also stretches radiation. This means that things like gravity fields can transform visible light into the infrared or even radio waves. This means that it's possible that. Dark energy is energy that forms when other energy forms. Or radiation wavelength stretches through the electromagnetic spectrum. That means the radiation that travels through the infrared area affects. Like. Infrared radiation in the moment. It is spent. In. The electromagnetic spectrum’s infrared area. 

Redshift affects across the electromagnetic spectrum. Things like gravity fields stretch light. This means that redshift can also turn part of the infrared radiation into microwaves or radio waves. So. Maybe the secret of dark energy. It is in. The redshift, the Doppler effect. That removes part of the infrared radiation from the universe. This happens because black holes and separating objects stretch radiation. Maybe. The origin of the 3K radiation is in a situation. The Doppler effect. Turns the wave movement longer. The fact is that the Doppler effect or redshift affects all kinds of radiation. 

When we think about dark matter and dark energy, it’s possible that if the level of dark energy in the universe stays stable. And the gravity effect turns lower. This can cause acceleration. Of. The expansion of the universe. So, in that model, dark energy can be virtual. When. Energy in the universe stays stable because of matter. Like. Particles turn into radiation or wave movement. When. The relations of the four fundamental forces change. That. It can look like dark energy. 

"A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths" (Wikipedia, Electromagnetic spectrum)

Does the star formation continue in the cooling universe? 

When we look at the image of the universe, we can see that galaxies are mainly located near the “shell” of the universe. That means that if a shockwave is traveling outward, it creates whirls. Those whirls form black holes and then stars. The existence of the shockwave that formed during the Big Bang explains why we cannot see other universes. Another thing that this ancient shockwave explains is why there are galaxies, and why those galaxies are like they are. So the chain for star formation is this: 

1) First, it forms the black hole. 

2) That black hole forms a quasar. 

3) Then, the quasar pulls gas and later dust around it. 

4) Star formation begins when the energy level turns low enough. And conditions are stable enough.

5) Star formation ends in a galaxy when all hydrogen is used.  

"Artist's illustration showing the life of a massive star: Nuclear fusion converts lighter elements into heavier ones; when fusion no longer generates enough pressure to counteract gravity, the star collapses into a black hole. During this collapse, energy may be released as a momentary burst of gamma-rays aligned to the axis of rotation." (Wikipedia,Gamma-ray burst)

The star forms in a whirl in the galactic nebula. The whirl collects matter from around it and starts to condense into a star. So, as long as galaxies can form, the star formation continues. But someday in the future, the matter in the universe turns so thin that star formation stops. In galaxies, star formation stops when all hydrogen is used. As. A star’s energy source. Or black holes pull all material inside them. Star formation can also end if the entropy destroys the whirl. The star starts to form. 

This thing happens only in old galaxies. When. Galaxy formation ends. That causes the end of the star formation. Some day. In the future. Star formation ends. When matter turns too thin, there is no possibility of forming stars. 

 In a young universe, stars might. Also, be from outside the galaxies. That happens even today, but those stars turn very massive. The reason for that thing. Is that. There is no interference. Like star wind.  Or the radiation of the supermassive black hole. Also. Gravitation can destroy a protostar. If a protostar. It is too close to another star. A black hole. Or white dwarf. Those things. Can destroy it. Before. The fusion starts. 

When the universe’s expansion continues, the gravitational effect between galaxies turns weaker. The quantum field between objects turns weaker. This means energy travels out from particles, and that increases free energy in the universe.  That increases entropy. But. Otherwise, weaker quantum fields around galaxies and a colder universe make that free energy weaker. The interactions between mass centers. Like galaxies are complicated. The weaker energy fields and expanding universe mean that the scattering effect turns weaker. 

Same way. Redshift between objects turns stronger. Redshift means that there is more infrared radiation than should be. Redshift or the Doppler effect means that the spectrum. Turns red. That means red visible light can stretch into infrared. Infrared can turn into microwaves or radio waves. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/stars-form-within-expanding-universe/

https://www.space.com/31517-entire-universe-squeezed-one-image.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_filament

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

Can the universe's expansion really slow down?

"Evidence suggests the universe’s expansion has started to slow, not accelerate. The results imply dark energy is weakening and evolving faster than previously believed. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (Scitechdaily, Evidence suggests the universe’s expansion has started to slow, not accelerate. The results imply dark energy is weakening and evolving faster than previously believed. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Evidence suggests the universe’s expansion has started to slow, not accelerate. The results imply dark energy is weakening and evolving faster than previously believed. Credit: SciTechDaily.com)

The new evidence suggests that dark energy also becomes weaker. That is one of the reasons why researchers start to think that the universe’s expansion might be slowing. This means that Einstein was only partially right. Einstein’s model suggests that dark energy has a constant, or static, power. But if dark energy is released during the Big Bang, that means the universe’s expansion causes a situation where the same dark energy must fill a larger universe. And that thing means. That dark energy turns weaker. Like all other interactions. 

Turn weaker. So can gravity win, and cause the Big Crunch? Gravity also turns weaker. That means. The expansion of the universe. Makes dark energy advance. Because distances between objects increase. This is one way to predict the ultimate fate of the universe. But if we think. That Einstein was right and the dark energy is static and constant, which means the origin of the dark energy is outside the universe. If dark energy forms outside the universe, that means there should be some kind of wave movement. 

Dark energy means. Free energy that should rip the universe in pieces. There is a possibility that dark energy. It can also have some kind of interaction with dark matter. Dark matter means. A strange gravitational effect that is the second-dominating thing in the universe. Dark matter can have a particle form. Those hypothetical particles called weakly interacting massive particles WIMPs are suggested as the things that can form dark matter. In that model, dark energy forms. During dark matter particle interactions.

What is the role of cosmic voids in dark energy and dark matter? 

But maybe dark matter. Form in entropy in energy, or quantum fields. When the universe expands, its size grows. That forms more space between particles. And then. That space makes it possible. That there form whirls and bubbles in those fields. Those bubbles are like miniature cosmic voids. And if there is some void, that means the energy field starts to fall into it. The four fundamental interactions. Gravity, electromagnetism. And weak and strong nuclear interactions. Have particle and wave movement forms. The wavelength of those interactions determines which force the wave movement transports. So, every fundamental interaction has its own wavelength. It’s possible that there forms some kind of vacuum in some of those four interactions. 

That means. If there are no weak nuclear force fields. That destroys the atomic nucleus. So do the cosmic voids, like the Boötes void, have some kind of connection with dark energy? The question is: What causes dark energy to move?  Things like cosmic voids are areas where it seems to be no matter. There is a possibility that those voids form when the universe expands. If the expansion rips an energy field in the universe. That can form the cosmic void. 

But another reason for cosmic voids can be. Some extremely high-energy reaction. That forms a shockwave that creates the void. But there is also a possibility that the cosmic void forms in situations. Where some of the four fundamental interactions are missing in some areas. If the strong interaction, as an example, is missing, that thing rips protons and neutrons in pieces. So can the bubble that forms. As an example, in a strong nuclear force field. That destroys protons and neutrons. Or maybe. The relationship between the strong nuclear interaction. Pushing and pulling effects are disturbing. This can cause the material to rip into pieces. If there is a strong radiation effect, the wavelength is the same as the size of the quarks, which can also break protons and neutrons into pieces. 

https://scitechdaily.com/is-einsteins-cosmological-constant-wrong-new-data-suggests-dark-energy-is-evolving/

https://scitechdaily.com/is-the-universe-slowing-down-stunning-new-evidence-says-yes/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-einstein-was-only-half-right-nasas-new-test-for-dark-energy/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boötes_Void

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

Can the mythical fifth force explain why dark matter is invisible?

"Researchers are testing whether dark matter obeys the same rules as visible matter or if a hidden force influences the unseen structure of the Universe. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Is Dark Matter Controlled by a Secret “Fifth Force”?)

There is a possibility. That's the dark matter strange form. That makes it invisible to our sensors is from the mythic fifth force. Today. The fifth force is a hypothetical interaction. The Muon g-2 anomaly in Fermilab and Brookhaven gave hope that this force could be true. Those anomalies were real. The thing. What caused those anomalies? It is a mystery. The anomaly is so weak. That it fits between the predicted values. So those results are contradictory. But it's possible that those results are a hint about the fifth force. 

It's also possible that dark matter is a source of dark energy. So, are dark energy and the fifth force the same thing? Nobody knows. 

The new measurements tell. There can be some other interactions between visible and dark matter. But those interactions are so weak. That they disappear under the glow of visible material. Mystic gamma-ray glow in the center of the Milky Way can form in cases when the supermassive black hole Sgr A* packs dark matter, or hypothetical dark matter particles, weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, in a small area. 

There, those particles can form. High-energy interaction. We can see that thing as the gamma-ray glow. That means dark matter can have similar interactions. As visible matter. But those particles are somehow different. That visible matter covers those dark matter interactions under it. It’s possible that WIMP is a very small high-energy particle. That we cannot detect. It’s possible that WIMP. And the graviton, the hypothetical gravitational transportation particle, is the same thing. But that is only one hypothesis. 

If dark matter doesn’t defy gravity, we must ask what makes that matter existent? That’s the gravity effect of that strange, unseen thing. There is a possibility. The dark matter is particles. Like some kind of quarks. Sometimes. It is theorized about. The possibility that dark matter particles, hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, are somehow similar to quarks.

But they have no ability. To form more complicated particle groups. Like hadrons. That means. There must be some kind of force that keeps those, still hypothetical particles, separated. The fact is that. If two similar particles have the same energy level. That forms a standing wave between them. And that pushes particles away from each other. 

There is a possibility that those particles send some kind of energy. which forms quantum-size electric arcs between them. That means WIMPs can explain the dark energy. So maybe dark energy form. When those hypothetical WIMP particles send energy when they impact each other. Or maybe the cases where WIMP turns into wave movement are the thing. That releases the energy that it stored. And maybe, we see that energy as dark energy. 

If the WIMP is a particle that is surrounded by a so-called standing wave that makes it is unable to reflect radiation. In some theories. That WIMP is a quantum-sized black hole. And energy slides into its spin axle. The WIMP condenses the energy fields and forms a thing that we can call dark energy. 

Above: The Fermilab results of the Muon g-2 anomaly in 2025. We can see that the results of the Muon magnetic field observations are minimally out of the range. That means Muon g-2 test results can be explained by the conditions of the test and measurement tools. But those anomalies still exist. 

But then we can ask what the fifth force is. Sometimes people say that the fifth force is the antigravity. There must be some kind of particle that transmits gravity waves. That hypothetical particle. Called graviton waits for its finder. Some theories claim that the graviton and WIMP are the same thing. And the thing that forms that particle is the quantum-sized black hole. The idea is that this particle can have a transition disk and a relativistic beam. like full-size black holes. 

Those things are so small that we cannot see them. There is the possibility that. Because those small black holes have a transition disk. That thing pushes them. Away from each other. There is a possibility that quantum gravity is not the same as full-size gravity. And in some models, dark energy is the antigravity, the energy that fills the gravity waves, or energy valleys between those waves. The fifth force could have its origin in the WIMPs that stored too much energy. 

"A mysterious gamma-ray light from the center of our galaxy may be the long-sought sign of dark matter. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, A Strange Glow in the Milky Way May Be Our First Glimpse of Dark Matter)

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The expansion of the universe means that if dark energy formed during the Big Bang, the expansion should make dark energy weaker. When the universe expands. And there is the same amount of dark energy. That means the dark energy should turn weaker, because it must fill a larger space. 

Another possibility is that the universe leaks. Dark energy is a wave movement that should travel at the speed of light. That means dark energy can travel out of the universe before particles. So if dark energy travels out from the universe, and there is no dark energy that comes from outside the universe. That means there is less dark energy left in the universe. 

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Maybe. One of the reasons for that is the expansion of the universe. But if we think that the universe’s expansion causes the dark energy to turn stronger. We face an interesting research. That research tells us that the universe’s expansion is slowing. That challenges the established theories that dark energy is stable. If dark energy formed in the Big Bang. That means it should advance. When the universe expands. 

The domination of the four known fundamental interactions changes. First, the strong nuclear force was dominating. Then the weak nuclear force. Electromagnetism. And then gravitation. Now dominating is a strange dark energy. When particle distances grow. There is more free energy between them. Dark energy is free energy that rips the universe. That’s the simple model. 

The complicated model is. Dark energy turns weaker. As well as. The other four interactions. In this mode. The universe leaks energy away from it. So, if dark energy travels out from the universe faster than it expands. Dark energy travels at the speed of light. And matter behind it travels slower. That means dark energy can exit the universe before any particle. That means dark energy should also turn weaker. 

The universe's expansion turns it larger. And if all dark energy is released from the Big Bang, that means the expansion of the universe should turn dark energy weaker, because there is a static amount of dark energy to fill a larger universe. So, even if dark energy does not escape from the universe before matter, that means dark energy turns weaker anyway. 

https://news.fnal.gov/2025/06/muon-g-2-most-precise-measurement-of-muon-magnetic-anomaly/

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-dark-defy-gravity.html

https://scitechdaily.com/a-strange-glow-in-the-milky-way-may-be-our-first-glimpse-of-dark-matter/

https://scitechdaily.com/is-dark-matter-controlled-by-a-secret-fifth-force/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-einstein-was-only-half-right-nasas-new-test-for-dark-energy/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-will-end-in-a-big-crunch-physicists-warns/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_force

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_g-2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Does the universe end in a big crunch or big silence?

 

Scale of dark energy effecting surrounding stars. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab / Michael Lentz (ScitechDaily, What If Einstein Was Only Half Right? NASA’s New Test for Dark Energy)

The fact is that the only thing we know is that the universe has a beginning and an end. This means. The lifetime of the universe and material as we know it has a limited time. A flat universe means. That the expansion continues forever. The spherical universe means. The universe will collapse into the Big Crunch. The hyperbolic universe means. The universe's expansion continues forever. The fate of the universe. Depends on the density parameter marked as Omega (Ω). This is why. This parameter is sometimes called the “Omega parameter”, but that means the density parameter. The problem with making predictions about the universe’s ultimate fate is that we don’t know the universe’s local geometry. When the universe expands. That means interactions between particles turn weaker. There are four fundamental interactions. Strong, weak nuclear interactions, electromagnetism, and gravitation. 

And we don’t know. Does the dark energy really evolve? The thing is that dark energy will evolve. If it's released in the Big Bang. Another big question is where that energy begins. There are models that dark energy forms in space between subatomic particles. There is something that collects and summarizes energy fields. If there is a fast-spinning structure that binds energy into it, and when its rotation speed decreases. That means. The structure releases its energy. 

“The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space.” (Wikipedia, Shape of the universe)

If Ω = 1, the universe is flat.

If Ω > 1, there is positive curvature.

If Ω < 1, there is negative curvature.

The ultimate fate of the universe depends on whether the universe is closed or open. If the universe is open. The ultimate fate of the universe is the big silence. If the universe is closed. The ultimate fate of the universe is the Big Crunch. The only thing that fills the condition that the universe is closed is the spherical universe. 

Closed universe

If Ω>1, the geometry of space is closed, like the surface of a sphere. The sum of the angles of a triangle exceeds 180 degrees, and there are no parallel lines; all lines eventually meet. The geometry of the universe is, at least on a very large scale, elliptic. (Wikipedia, Ultimate fate of the universe)

Open universe

If Ω<1, the geometry of space is open, i.e., negatively curved like the surface of a saddle. The angles of a triangle sum to less than 180 degrees, and lines that do not meet are never equidistant; they have a point of least distance and otherwise grow apart. The geometry of such a universe is hyperbolic. (Wikipedia, Ultimate fate of the universe)

There is also a possibility that the universe is virtually open. That means the edge of the pancake universe could be at a higher level than the center of the universe. That makes the universe curve. Above itself like some kind of rosebud.  And that effect. Closes the universe into it. The lower energy center in the universe pulls the edge into it. But that is only speculation. 

In some models, the Big Bang was a series of events. That can form shells. Or layers, or states,  in the universe. Those layers or shells form the structure; their energy jumps back and forth. That model tries to explain dark energy as the oscillation or waves in those layers. 

Another explanation is that the dark energy is the glow of the Big Bang. And in the newest models. Dark energy is the glow that forms when dark matter particles interact. The problem is that we haven’t seen dark matter particles. The only thing. That tells us. A possible dark matter interaction is a strange gamma-ray glow in the center of galaxies. The another explanation can be that the supermassive black holes like Sgr*A. can pull dark energy intside them. If that is true. The supermassive black hole turns dark energy. So dense. It causes some subatomic particles to glow. Another explanation could be that the black hole’s gravitational field stretches protons, and that causes the subatomic particle-antiparticle pairs to annihilate. 

There are theories that some kind of wormholes teleport, or tunnel particles through them. Those wormholes act like masers. They transmit energy into particles that travel in those energy tornadoes or energy tunnels. This is the effect. That denies particles from turning old. When a particle comes out of that wormhole, it releases its energy faster than usual. There is also a possibility that some kind of energy wave travels through those energy bridges, and they can inject more energy into that string. The energy tornado acts like a laser. The wormhole locks energy in the particle. And that denies its aging. 

“A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

If a particle travels through a wormhole and comes out, its energy level is higher than it should be. And that means it releases energy faster and stronger than normal particles that traveled the same distance.  

And it pumps energy into the field that travels in the electromagnetic or gravitational tornado. If there is a gravitational field that travels in a gravitational tornado, that structure binds gravitational energy into it. But at the same time. The wave that travels in the gravitational tornado sends a stronger gravitational wave than it should when it comes out from that structure. We know that those energy tornadoes are possible. There is evidence. About electromagnetic wormholes, but the wormholes that travel through a gravitational field are not yet proven. 

When we think about the models. Where the dark energy evolves.  Because. All dark energy was released in the Big Bang. We can look at the cosmic microwave background (CMB). There are holes in that image. The expansion can form holes in the dark energy just like it forms holes in the CMB. That forms a vacuum in the energy field. And this causes a situation. Where energy falls into those bubbles. This effect focuses the energy field in those bubbles. 

Above: Cosmic microwave background. 

If dark energy forms fields. The Schwinger effect is also possible between dark energy waves. And the dark energy should also have wave-particle duality. This means that things like Kugelblitz black holes can also form from dark energy. In physics. Kugelblitz means a black hole. That formed straight from radiation or wave movement. 

The thing is that dark energy interacts with all particles, but that interaction is so weak. That we can see it. Only in the large-scale structures. But then back to the universe’s ultimate fate. That thing is one of the biggest mysteries in many ways. For effecting material energy must move. And if dark energy was released in the Big Bang event. The expansion of the universe causes the conclusion that. Dark energy should turn weaker. When the area of the energy expands, but there is no new energy in that area. That turns energy weaker. But if that energy forms somewhere. That means the energy effect turns static. Or it turns even stronger. Dark energy is similar to energy. As all other energy types. 

We don’t know its origin. If dark energy forms somewhere, that could prove the hypothetical particle’s tachyons' existence. Tachyons are hypothetical faster-than-light particles. There is a possibility that the black holes can release those particles. But. When a tachyon comes into three-dimensional space and time. It releases its energy immediately. That means tachyons cannot exist in our universe. It’s possible that tachyons release photons. Those are on the ultra-high energy levels. That can explain dark energy. Dark energy should have interaction with all particles, but that interaction is so weak that we cannot see it. 

There is one very exciting model of dark energy. That model is that dark energy forms outside the universe. Maybe that strange wave movement that dominates the universe existed before the Big Bang. That could explain matter and energy. Same way. As the theory. Where the universe and matter formed from gravitational waves. In the most exciting model, the dark energy formed matter in wave-particle duality. If dark energy is a wave movement. Wave-particle duality (WPD). And the Schwinger effect. It should also be possible in dark energy. That means dark energy can also form particles. But then, what is the ultimate fate of the universe? The fact is this: we don’t know. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/ask-ethan-will-the-cosmic-microwave-background-ever-disappear/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/evolving-dark-energy-big-crunch/

https://hub.jhu.edu/2025/10/16/mysterious-glow-in-milky-way-dark-matter/

https://www.livescience.com/physics-mathematics/dark-matter/mysterious-glow-at-the-milky-ways-center-could-reshape-a-major-cosmic-theory

https://sciencenotes.org/cosmic-microwave-background-radiation-cmb-or-cmbr/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-einstein-was-only-half-right-nasas-new-test-for-dark-energy/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-will-end-in-a-big-crunch-physicists-warns/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

The universe will end its existence in the Big Crunch.

"A Cornell physicist proposes that the universe is only halfway through its 33-billion-year lifespan, and will one day reverse course. Based on new dark-energy data, Henry Tye’s model suggests the cosmos will stop expanding in about 11 billion years and ultimately collapse into a “big crunch,” ending in a single point. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, 

The new model suggests that the universe. Ends its existence. In the Big Crunch. The Big Crunch means that gravitation wins and all particles fall into the center of the universe. Then that ultimate black hole detonates and forms a new universe. The reason for that is. The distances between particles and other objects will increase. That makes gravitational interactions weaker. In the same way. The other three fundamental interactions turn weaker. 

And another thing is that. The universe leaks. The wave movement or energy travels faster than most particles. And that means wave movement travels before particles. That means the universe loses its energy all the time. Dark energy that rips the universe into pieces will turn weaker because the normal scattering effect doesn’t disturb that wave movement in the same way as other types of wave movement. 

“The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space.” 

If Ω = 1, the universe is flat.

If Ω > 1, there is positive curvature.

If Ω < 1, there is negative curvature.

If the density parameter is higher than one, Ω > 1, the universe will collapse. The problem is that the universe should be round anyway. Without depending on the main  shape. So the universe is not square. It's like some CD or round disk.

This means dark energy travels out from the universe. The third interesting thing is that the geometrical shape of the universe could be anything, but its farthest edge is a round or parabolic shape. The geometrical shape of the universe can be any one of those three possible forms, but those forms should be made of a round shape. So if the universe is flat, the shape of the universe is like a CD rather than a square. 

This means gravitation should win, and the universe will fall. Into one point. This means that things like a phoenix-universe could be possible. There is evidence in the Black Hole radiation. could involve information about the past universes that existed before our universe. So if the model. The spherical universe forms and falls again. And again turns real. The universe before the last is larger than the next universe. The reason for that is that not all energy will return to the point where the universe formed. This is one version of the cosmological mystery. And the thing that we should know is this. 

The universe has a beginning and an end. The end is the mystery. But if the end of the universe is the Big Crunch, that means matter forms a giant black hole, which will vaporize or detonate. Because matter cannot just vanish, that means the phoenix universe model is possible. 

https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2025/10/physicist-after-33-billon-years-universe-will-end-big-crunch

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-will-end-in-a-big-crunch-physicists-warns/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

How to simulate the entire universe using a laptop?

“A new tool, Effort.jl, is revolutionizing cosmology by letting scientists analyze enormous datasets quickly and accurately on a simple laptop. (Artist’s concept). Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, Researchers Have Discovered a Way To Simulate the Universe – on a Laptop)

How to simulate the entire universe using a laptop? The answer lies in the accuracy the system employs. When we want to conduct. In a comprehensive analysis or simulation of the entire system, we must first select the scale at which we want to simulate it. If we want to make a simulation of the entire universe, we must begin with its smallest parts. In this case, we must only remember that the system's entirety is the sum of multiple subsystems. An atom, as an example, is the sum of electron shells and the nucleus. 

The nucleus of an atom is the sum of the protons and neutrons. And protons and neutrons are sums of quarks and gluons. We can make the simulation step by step. First, we can make a simulation of interactions. Between quarks and gluons. Then we can connect these simulations. Together with the proton and neutron interaction. 

And then we can make simulations. Of how electrons behave with each other and then how electron orbits interact with the atomic core. In this case, the system handles the entirety as modules. Each module handles each participant. The proton module involves the up and down quarks. Interaction with each other. This means that the system creates a mosaic where each participant of the structure is handled. Like an element. The system forms a bigger structure by connecting the smaller mosaic plates. The system makes a puzzle. Where each piece is a smaller-sized system. And together. Those smaller systems form a bigger entirety. 

If we want to calculate chemistry calculations. And to make simulations. Between molecules, we must not know quark interactions. We can choose the scale as atoms or atomic groups. To make simulations of their behaviors. In molecular-scale interactions. Those interactions happen in the farthest electron orbital. So we must not care. About the internal interactions of atoms. Removing. Unnecessary parts from the simulations. We can remove too high accuracy. 

That means we remove unnecessary parts of the system. If we want to drive from point A to point B. We want to know what route we choose. We don’t want to know what kind of houses or what kind of trees. Are in certain areas. We don’t need to know when every single person comes home. We must not know there is a free parking lot if we are on a transit journey. We need to know only which streets we select. This means the system must remove unnecessary information to make our work easier. So, the system gives only information. That we need. 

When we talk about accuracy. We can think that the system must control small points in the simulations. If we want to make a complete simulation of the universe and start from the quark-gluon levels, there are too many points that the system must handle.  We should begin those simulations from a much higher level. Like in the level of local galactic clusters. That means . We must make a model. Where the details in the entirety are lost. That allows us to handle things like galaxies as one point or entirety. 

If we want to simulate the interactions between galaxies. We must realize that there are billions of galaxies in the universe. That makes this type of simulation hard to make. There are billions of stars in each galaxy. And all giant spiral galaxies are following large groups of star clusters and dwarf galaxies. 

But it's possible to handle those systems as a whole. In that model. The system makes ball-shaped structures. There, it removes details. So the galaxies are like balls that interact with each other. But then there are still too many objects. That means we can make another crop. We can select certain galaxies whose interactions we can analyze. If we want to make a simulation. 

To determine how the Andromeda galaxy and the Milky Way will collide, we must calculate the route that those galaxies follow. There, we need to see the effect. The Magellanic Clouds affect that route. Calculating that three-body problem is possible, if we do not follow the highest accuracy. There is a possibility that Andromeda travels past the Milky Way. And then those galaxies start to orbit each other. Closing together. Then in the last stage, the supermassive black holes collide in the middle of the new galaxy. 

But if we want to make universe-scale simulations. We must use a different scale of accuracy. We must not calculate all electrons and each electron's trajectories. If we want to calculate things like how stars or interstellar nebulae behave. We must change the scale of accuracy. To make a large-scale simulation. We must understand that we can cut off atomic-scale objects. If we simulate large entireties. 

In universe-scale simulations, it's important. To determine the thing. What we want to simulate. If we want to simulate interactions between two galactic superclusters, we must not calculate the interactions of each single galaxy. We can think. That those galaxies and even local clusters are the entirety at the level of cosmic superclusters. We can think that. The superclusters are like balls. The giant entities where the local clusters form the mass centers. Or we can simply think. That they are like giant balls. That makes the simulation of the galactic superclusters' interactions easy. 

https://scitechdaily.com/researchers-have-discovered-a-way-to-simulate-the-universe-on-a-laptop/

Maybe mysterious little red dots at the edge of the universe are black hole stars.

    Maybe mysterious little red dots at the edge of the universe are black hole stars. 

"Artist’s impression of a black hole star (not to scale). Mysterious tiny pinpoints of light discovered at the dawn of the universe may be giant spheres of hot gas that are so dense they look like the atmospheres of typical nuclear fusion-powered stars; however, instead of fusion, they are powered by supermassive black holes in their center that rapidly pull in matter, converting it into energy and giving off light. Credit: T. Müller/A. de Graaff/Max Planck Institute for Astronomy" (ScitechDaily, Mysterious “Universe Breaker” Red Dots Could Be Black Holes in Disguise)

The little red dots at the edge of the universe could be so-called black hole stars. If that thing is true, those red dots would be the most fundamental things in the world. The black hole stars, or so-called quasi stars, would be the most interesting things in the universe. The quasi-star could form around the small back hole. In the early universe, those black holes could form when the so-called Schwinger effect formed a material point. 

That formed a singularity. And then those black holes started to pull material into them. There is a possibility that black holes pull particles they forming a stellar-shaped structure around the event horizon. Those hydrogen atoms are locked around the black hole. Those hydrogen atoms can form a spinning layer in the distance where the escaping velocity is the same as that atom’s speed.

The quasi-star, or black hole star, is like other stars if we see them outside. But they could be far larger than regular stars. If those famous red dots are quasi-stars that help to calculate other black holes and black hole-based structures. Things like extremely small black holes that can hide in ball-shaped asteroids are waiting for their finder. The quasi-stars will help to fill in the puzzle about the black holes. Those things will not be fundamental, and intermediate mass black holes are not fundamental. But they will confirm theories and models of back holes and their formation. 

The quasi-stars would not exist in our universe. The thing that forms the structure is the interaction between layers that form that object. The energy from inner structures interacts with the outer structure. Those structures push each other away. When those structures' temperatures turn lower, that breaks the quasi-star. 

"An illustration shows the JWST in space next to its observations of some of the earliest galaxies ever seen, the so-called "little red dots." (Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Dale Kocevski (Colby College)/ Robert Lea (created with Canva))" (Space.com, James Webb Space Telescope sees little red dots feeding black holes: 'This is how you solve a universe-breaking problem') 

If those little red dots (LRD) are black holes that formed before galaxies or even material that could mean that first were so-called “Kugelblitz”-black holes that formed straight from wave movement. Then those kugelblitz black holes formed galaxies around them. That means it’s possible that black holes formed before matter. 

"Size comparison of a hypothetical quasi-star to some of the largest known stars."(Wikipedia, Quasi-star)

“As a quasi-star cooled over time, its outer envelope would become transparent, until further cooling to a limiting temperature of 4,000 K (3,730 °C). This would mark the end of the quasi-star's life since there is no hydrostatic equilibrium at or below this limiting temperature. It would then dissipate without a supernova, leaving behind an intermediate-mass black hole. These intermediate-mass black holes are theorized as the progenitors of modern supermassive black holes, and would help explain how supermassive black holes formed so early in the history of the universe.” (Wikipedia, Quasi-star)

The energy that this quasi-star shines is energy that forms in the black hole’s material disk, and in the case that the back hole pulls that radiation’s wavelength longer. The extreme gravity causes a virtual redshift because gravity stretches light. That means quasi-stars should be red. The massive gravitational redshift will pull all radiation longer than it should be. Or to the red side of the electromagnetic spectrum. 

So the black hole can pull X-rays. And gamma-ray wavelengths turn longer. And that thing causes an interesting model. That can make a black hole invisible because extreme gravity pulls electromagnetic radiation’s wavelength so long. If the gravity is strong enough, that thing can turn even gamma-rays into radio waves. 

That means that there is a possibility that black holes’ gamma- and X-rays are also a result of some, yet unknown, radiation’s wavelength stretch.  A black hole's environment has a wavelength longer than it should. This means that the black hole seems to be at a longer distance than it actually is. Otherwise, if those objects are on the other side of the universe, the redshift would be strong anyway. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mysterious-universe-breaker-red-dots-could-be-black-holes-in-disguise/

https://www.space.com/james-webb-space-telescope-little-red-dots-galaxies-black-hole-growth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-star

Black Holes, Dark Matter, and Information.

   Black Holes, Dark Matter, and Information. 

"Artist’s conception of a supermassive black hole, billions of times more massive than the sun, like those found at the centers of galaxies. The black hole’s rapid spin and powerful magnetic fields can launch enormous jets of plasma into space, a process that could potentially generate the same results as human-made supercolliders. Credit: Roberto Molar Candanosa/Johns Hopkins University" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Eye Black Holes as Cosmic Supercolliders in the Hunt for Dark Matter)

At the beginning of time, before our universe, only a G-field, or gravitational field, existed. Then, there formed some kind of whirls in that G-field. Those hypothetical whirls were gravitons. The idea is that the hypothetical graviton particle is a stick-shaped structure, a particle that forms from the quantum field. 

The form of the hypothetical graviton particle could be like tornado. So are the graviton and another hypothetical particle, axion the same thing? The idea is that we cannot see axions because their spin is so fast that it creates fields around them in the shape that looks a little bit like a black hole. 

The idea is that the graviton is so smooth that it cannot take outside fields inside it. And then it starts to transport those fields into its spin axle. So could that thing also explain dark energy? Graviton pulls energy from around it. That particle binds that energy inside in the form of kinetic energy and then aims it to the spin axle. That particle looks like a black hole. The particle collects energy until its energy level turns so high that energy can start to travel outside the particle or quantum field that surrounds it. 

When the mass or kinetic energy of a particle grows, it pulls material and quantum fields from larger areas into it. That thing locks black holes into their form. If that whirl vanishes black hole erupts immediately. That whirl denies the energy escaping from the particle’s or objects' equator. And that is the thing that creates the black hole’s relativistic jet. 

Black holes pull information inside them. Or if we think carefully, black hole rolls information from its environment around its spin axle. That means there is possibility to release that information. There is a question of whether information exists without a physical form. So if we think that information is wave movement, we must ask can information travel without superstrings or does it need superstring for existence. Information will be stored in quantum fields and particles as in curves. That should not be erased even in black holes. Those curves, or “mountains” and “valleys” can turn so low that they are hard to detect. 

But theoretically is possible to restore, or recalculate information that black hole stored. When black hole pulls quantum field, and information that quantum field carries inside it, we can think that the process is similar when something rolls paper around axle. The paper forms the roll, and it's possible to roll that paper from the axle. This is the thing. That makes the black hole collisions interesting. There is a possibility that during those events, the black hole can pull information out from another black hole. And possible somday we could decode that information. 

Researchers uncovered a hidden symphony in a black hole hidden vibrations. And that might help them to read information. That the black hole stored. 

"Black holes don’t just warp space, they sing. And now, for the first time, we’ve figured out what their cosmic echoes really sound like. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Uncover the Spiraling Symphony Hidden in Black Hole Vibrations)

Another interesting thing in the universe are very old, large black holes. The biggest black holes formed in the early universe. Those monsters lost their mass after that. The reason for this is the expansion of the universe. Or, otherwise, weakening quantum fields and decreasing the number of particles. This thing tells. The universe expands. Or does it? There is another explanation for that thing. This very radical theory goes like this: the black hole is a more common phenomenon in the universe than we expected. And the black holes that are “sleeping” simply pull particles and quantum fields inside them. If those black holes exist between galaxies, they are very hard to detect. 

If all electromagnetic fields and particles are formed after the Big Bang, or the beginning of the universe, that means that when black holes pull those fields and particles inside them, there are fewer particles and fields left in the universe. So, can we see that effect as an expansion of the universe? There is a possibility that only the G-field existed before the Big Bang. And that field formed all other quantum fields. But we know that black holes are massive objects. There are black holes between galaxies. And black holes can collact particles to around them. 

That means that the dark matter should interact with black holes. And maybe that thing helps to find things like axions. Axions are hypothetical dark matter particles. Sometimes is introduced that axions are particles that spin very fast. That thing means that the axion can be like a stick or some kind of rugby ball. So, that means that. Maybe near black holes, regular particles could turn into axions. When a particle's spin accelerates, it binds energy into it in the form of kinetic energy. During that process, the outside quantum fields travel to that particle. 

And press it into a smaller size. If we think that particle is a whisk-shaped superstring stucture when outcoming quantum field pushes particle into a smaller size, those superstrings turn closer to each other. If those superstrings turn close enough to each oher. That turns the particle very smooth. And that means the quantum fields travel around the particle. The quantum fields that travel to the particle’s poles will start to travel out from the particle along its spin axis. That thing means that the particle starts stretching. 

And then it starts to transport the quantum field out from its spin axle. If some stick-shaped, fast-spinning particles form black holes, that means that the black hole will not pull things inside it. It just accelerates and aims fields form around it. That thing explains the black hole relativistic jet. That causes the idea. That maybe hypothetical gravitons are axions. Maybe. The graviton is like a tornado in the G-field.  As I wrote at the beginning of this text. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mysterious-radio-signals-reveal-whats-hiding-between-galaxies/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-eye-black-holes-as-cosmic-supercolliders-in-the-hunt-for-dark-matter/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-uncover-the-spiraling-symphony-hidden-in-black-hole-vibrations/

https://scitechdaily.com/webb-telescope-spots-oldest-black-hole-shattering-cosmic-records/