Dark matter is not ruled out as the cause of the Milky Way's strange glow.

“An image of the gamma-ray excess observed at the center of the Milky Way, overlaid on an optical image of the galaxy. Scientists have debated the origin of this excess and whether it could be caused by dark matter for more than a decade. Credit: NASA; A. Mellinger/Central Michigan University; T. Linden/University of Chicago” (ScitechDaily, The Milky Way’s Mysterious Glow May Be Dark Matter After All)

Milky Way’s strange glow. The high-energy gamma-ray emission caused grey hair among astronomers. There is suspicion that the annihilating dark matter. It can cause the gamma-ray glow. This suggests that gamma-ray emission can occur when high-density dark matter particles collide. That can explain why this halo seems to come from the Sagittarius A. Sgr*A. Or around it. This means that the dark matter. 

It can form a similar material disk. Around the SgrA as visible matter. The material disk around the Sgr*A. It is one. Of the highest energy objects in the universe. This means that. The energy level in the dark matter material disk would be enormous. But can dark matter send gamma-rays? That is one of the things that answers require more observations. If there is some kind of annihilation between those dark matter particles. 

That should require. That. There is also an anti-matter version of the dark matter. This means that the hypothetical dark matter particles. They should have an anti-particle pair. But nobody has seen a dark matter particle yet. The glow can also form. In the friction between dark matter particles in the extremely dense energy field. But if dark matter sends gamma-rays. That causes this glow. 

The gamma-ray glow. It can come directly from dark matter. Or it can be an emission radiation from other particles. This means that in an extremely high-energy area. The matter moves very fast. This can cause a situation. That dark energy that the dark matter sends. It can cause visible interaction with some material particles. The glow could also form. When dark matter particles hit electrons. If those impacts happen often enough. That thing. It can raise the energy level in those visible particles. That we can see that reaction. 

There is a model about dark matter. The idea is that dark matter actually glows. Or we could see that thing. But the glow from the visible particles covers that glow below it. If dark matter particles send dark energy. That energy could have such a short wavelength. That gamma-rays could cover that thin layer below it. If that is right. The dark matter particle. It’s a very small and high-energy particle. There is a model. That's the dark matter particles. They are the same as mythical gravitons. 

The idea is that. The dark matter particle. It is a quantum-sized black hole. If that is right. The quantum-sized black holes. Smaller than quarks. They can also send dark energy. Those quantum black holes. They have similar halos, energy disks, and relativistic jets. As normal black holes  have. Those things are only a far smaller size. So, when those halos and transition disks impact each other. That thing can send gamma-rays. If that model. It's true. The relativistic jet that those black holes form. It can turn into a superstring. 

In this model. In the middle of every single particle is a quantum-size black hole. The shell of the particle. It will be the halo of those extremely small black holes. 

This means that those quantum-sized relativistic jets are things. That makes particles pull each other. When that quantum jet hits a lower-energy particle. That lower energy particle. Pulls energy from that string. That will pull the other particle. To that lower energy particle. Or rather saying. Lower energy particle. It pulls fields to it. Then that field falls. The higher energy particle. Then that higher-energy particle points its relativistic jet at another particle. And then. The lower energy particle pulls. The higher energy particle. To it.

This could explain many things. Like annihilation. The annihilation forms. When opposite-spinning quantum fields touch each other.  This means that. This effect is similar to the collimation of the larger black holes. That can explain the gamma-ray burst in annihilation. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-milky-ways-mysterious-glow-may-be-dark-matter-after-all/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*

Gamma-rays from the center of the Milky Way can open the mystery of dark matter.

Can dark matter be the quantum-size version of the gravastars? 

Dark matter is a mystery. It is suggested that dark matter particles are so-called quantum-size black holes. Einstein’s  models suggest that any objects in the universe. They can turn into black holes. This thing happens. When outside radiation presses electrons into an atom’s core. Then the radiation must “only” melt the particles in the atom’s core. Into one entirety. This entirety is called singularity. There is a suggestion that all particles involve a quantum-sized black hole. And the thing. What we see as a particle is the halo of the quantum-size black hole. 

Then to the hypothetical. gravastars. If we think that the quantum-sized black holes exist. We can think. That. The quantum-sized versions of gravistars or gravitational vacuum stars. Also existed. The gravastar. It could solve many problems in fundamental physics. The gravastar explains dark energy. That. If the shell of a gravastar, or a quantum-sized gravastar, breaks. That lets the gravitational field travel into that gravitational vacuum. That causes the effect. That is similar to a vacuum bomb. That vacuum. It can collect and focus energy. Into the middle of it. 

But some other new models suggest that some black holes are actually gravastars. So-called hollow singularities. There, the entire mass of the object is in that object’s core. The hypothetical gravitational vacuum stars are also dense objects. But their matter is like a ball around the area. Its gravity affects symmetrically from its edge. And that forms the gravitational vacuum in the middle of that object.  

So there is a possibility. The microlensing forms a situation. Their energy focuses straight into the center of the atom’s core. That thing can cause the photonic nuclear reaction. That can cause the neutron decay. Or it could transform a proton in the atom’s nucleus into an anti-proton. That can cause. A nuclear reaction that throws the mass of an entire atom into a ball-shaped structure. And that thing means that the dark matter. It could be like a quantum-sized version of the gravastar. 

“A diagram comparing the structure of a classical black hole with a gravastar.” (Wikipedia, Gravastar)

And then to the gamma-rays from the Sagittarius A*.

Strange gamma-ray bursts from near the Milky Way’s center. They are things that are suggested to be from dark matter. But then we can imagine situation that the high-power radiation from the Sgr A*(Sagittarius A*), the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way can form that gamma-ray. The idea is that the extremely high-energy radiation comes from the black hole’s accretion disk, pushing electrons away from the atomic nucleus. When that radiation hits electrons. And free protons that form when hydrogen atoms release their electrons. 

Proton has two up and one down quark.  It is a possibility. The energy impulse can turn an up quark into a down quark. And if that happens in the proton, that baryon turns into a neutron. The neutron involves two down quarks and one up quark. The down quark is a higher-energy particle than the up quark. And neutron decay. It means that the down quark turns back into an up quark.  Also, a high-energy photon. It can cause a photo-nuclear reaction in an atom’s core. The photo-nuclear reaction forms in a situation. That atom transforms into a very high-excitation state. That state can cause a situation. The neutrons start to decay in the atom’s core. 

Those high-power radiation quanta can transform those protons. 

Another up quark. Into down quarks that transform those protons into neutrons. Because the energy level in the material disk around the Sgr A* changes. Those changes can cause decay in just-born neutrons. So that down quark transforms back to an up quark. And that reaction. It releases a W-boson and electrons. The decay produces one proton, two electrons, and one electron antineutrino. So, it's possible that the electron antineutrino hits the electron neutrino. And that should release some kind of radiation. But the radiation that comes from that acceleration disk pushes those electrons away. When those high-energy electrons are far enough from the Sgr A* they realease their extra energy as gamma-ray quanta. 

There are three possible sources. For those gamma-rays. 

1) Still hypothetical dark matter particles. 

2) Nautrons that can form in the high-energy radiation. Or the radiation from Sgr A* can destroy atom nucleus and release those neutrons. Then, neutron decay sends electrons. Or, one proton, two electrons. And one electron antineutrino. 

3) Electrons that high-energy radiation releases from their orbitals. When those electrons travel away from Sgr A*. And the energy transfer to those electrons ends. That thing makes them send gamma-rays. 

Some effects near supermassive black holes are not actually very exotic. Those things can happen more often than anywhere else. This means that the mysterious gamma rays can open the path. To find out the mystery of dark matter. The mystery is. Are dark matter particles? If they exist, a source for those gamma-ray bursts. There is a question. Does dark matter even have a particle form? And if those hypothetical particles are the source of those gamma-rays. 

That radiation. It can form when those particles impact. Or it can be the transformation radiation. That means the black hole radiation. It can transform particles into dark matter. The idea is that. The spin of the particle turns into 1 or higher. That thing means that the particle can turn invisible. As long as it binds energy inside it. So it's possible. That. The high-energy radiation. It can turn a particle invisible. And maybe that transformation. It can be seen as gamma-ray flashes. 

The thing. That dark matter causes a gravitational effect. It means that the dark matter should surround any black hole in the universe. Or actually, every gravity center will pack dark matter around it. But the problem is this. Nobody has seen dark matter yet. So, the dark matter halo. The matter. The matter that surrounds supermassive black holes should be large and dense enough. The astronomers could observe that strange matter. The dark matter could lens light. But that thing is very hard to separate from the gravitational lensing. 

The problem with that thing. It is the high-energy material disk around the black hole. The high-energy, extremely bright material disk. Covers the dark matter below it. In the same way, a traffic light can cover dust and snow below its brightness.  And maybe those very dense objects. They can deliver information about the strange gravitational effect. Known as dark matter. 

https://www.space.com/astronomy/dark-universe/a-mysterious-gamma-ray-stream-comes-from-the-milky-ways-center-could-dark-matter-have-something-to-do-with-it

https://www.space.com/astronomy/dark-universe/supermassive-black-holes-may-be-surrounded-by-dark-matter-clusters-new-echo-map-technique-suggests

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_neutron_decay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravastar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_emission

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

Researchers might have found a dark matter fingerprint from a black hole collision.

"Gravitational waves from colliding black holes may hold subtle clues about one of the universe’s greatest mysteries: dark matter. A new study proposes a way to search for these hidden signatures by analyzing how black holes behave when surrounded by dense clouds of exotic matter. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Scientists May Have Found Dark Matter’s Fingerprint in a Black Hole Collision)

Researchers might find. The mark of dark matter from the black hole collision. The black hole collisions are the most violent events in the universe. They find incredibly strong shockwaves. Those shockwaves form when the black hole's halos impact. The gravitational fields also send very strong gravitational waves. Those shockwaves press the quantum fields into extremely high-energy and dense form. 

Researchers hoped that those shockwaves could press the dark matter into such a dense form that they could measure it or its effect on gravitational fields. The packed dark matter can cause interference in gravitational waves. In some models, a gravitational wave is actually an energy wave that travels between dark matter particles. 

"A new model developed by physicists at MIT and elsewhere predicts how gravitational waves (blue and red waves) can carry imprints of any dark matter (light purple) that two merging black holes happen to spiral through. Credit: Courtesy of Josu Aurrekoetxea, et al" (ScitechDaily, Scientists May Have Found Dark Matter’s Fingerprint in a Black Hole Collision)

In those simulations reseachers try to find out whether it is possible that gravitational waves can cancel each other out. Another thing that can make this effect interesting is. If some other wave. Could fill the energy ditch. That makes gravitation so different. If those energy ditches are filled, the gravitation will turn opposite. The idea is that a gravitational wave is the energy wave that travels between tw ditches. That means in normal cases, those ditches pull more energy out from the particle than the wave can give. So, if those energy ditches are filled. That means that. Without those lower energy lines, gravity cannot pull objects. Into the gravity center. 

But if a gravitational wave is an energy wave that travels between dark matter particles… 

The idea of this model. It is simple. The dark matter forms of quantum dots. Those quantum dots. They can be real particles. Or they can be exciton-style quasiparticles that form around a spinning string-shaped structure. This means that. The dark matter could be the cloud of quantum dots. Each of those quantum dots will act as an individual gravitational center. Those quantum dots can be some kind of whirls in the gravitational field. 

The gravitational wave is, in this case. The energy wave that travels between those quantum dots. Those quantum dots will send energy waves between each other. When a higher energy quantum dot, or dark matter particle, sends an energy wave. It puts other quantum dot resonate. And if that radiation, or wave movement, has a very short wavelength, it pulls energy out from other particles. 

And when energy travels out from a particle, the other energy tries to fill that hole. This could explain why gravitation is so different. In some other models. The gravitation forms when the energy impulse separates from the particle. That leaves a small. Lower energy area between the wave and particle. If we think that a gravitational wave acts like all other waves. There is a smaller energy ditch forward of the energy wave. If that wave turns lower than the energy ditch. That explains why a gravitational wave pulls particles to the gravitational center. The reason why the energy ditch turns deeper. If we compare it with the energy hill. Is the expansion of the universe. 

Because the energy level in the universe turns lower. That means. That energy wave that the particle sends turns weaker. If we think about what makes those gravitational waves as a thing. That. Only pulls particles into the gravity center. The thing that is required is that the wave that travels between energy ditches cannot replace the energy that those ditches “steal” from the particle. 

But all waves form in the movement of the particles. And maybe dark matter is the particles that form gravity waves.

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-may-have-found-dark-matters-fingerprint-in-a-black-hole-collision/

Reseachers make new models for dark matter formation.

"A new computational breakthrough is giving scientists a clearer view into how dark matter structures evolve.(ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

"Dark matter has remained one of the biggest mysteries in cosmology for almost a hundred years, shaping the universe while remaining invisible and poorly understood. A new study from researchers at the Perimeter Institute now introduces a computational tool designed to track the evolution of a particular dark matter candidate known as self-interacting dark matter halos. These enormous structures are thought to host galaxies such as the Milky Way." (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

"The study, published in Physical Review Letters, expands scientists’ ability to explore how different types of dark matter particle interactions influence the growth and behavior of cosmic structures over time." (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

There is one thing that a self-interacting dark matter halo can interact. That thing is another self-interacting dark matter halo.  The self-interaction means. The collisions and energy release in WIMPs, the hypothetical. Dark-matter particles. 

"Self-interacting dark matter is defined by the ability of its particles to collide with one another, while remaining effectively invisible to ordinary baryonic matter, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. This behavior has important consequences for dark matter halos, which many theorists believe are central to the processes that shape galaxies and trigger star formation." (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

“Dark matter forms relatively diffuse clumps which are still much denser than the average density of the universe,” says James Gurian, a postdoctoral fellow at Perimeter Institute. “The Milky Way and other galaxies live in these dark matter halos.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

The idea is this: if the dark matter is the thing. That sends dark energy. Dark energy can affect the dark matter halo around the galaxy. That means the dark energy can move the dark matter halo, and the galaxy in the middle of the halo moves with it. So what if the halothermic collapse in the dark matter forms dark energy and then expands the universe? When halothermic collapse happens, the universe’s center or dark matter centers turn denser, and they turn hotter. When dark matter particles, weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), are involved. 

Or. Axions send radiation. They send it with the wavelength. That is the same as the particle’s diameter. This means that the halothermic collapse. In the dark matter. Sends radiation that we call dark energy. Dark energy that pushes visible matter away from those dark matter centers. 

“The evolution of self-interacting dark matter halos is governed by a phenomenon known as gravothermal collapse. This process arises from a counterintuitive property of gravity, where systems bound by gravity become hotter rather than cooler as they lose energy.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

“Because self-interacting dark matter can carry energy through particle collisions, that energy gradually flows outward within a halo. As a result, the central region becomes increasingly hot and dense, driving further changes in the structure of the halo over time.”(ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

When we say that the halothermic collapse forms dark energy, we mean that the halothermic collapse increases free energy in the system. That collapse forms a denser or more powerful form when particles of the collapsing halo start. Getting. Closer to each other. And impact on each other. That releases free energy into the system. 

The focus of this research is on the so-called halothermic collapse. And gravity's counterintuitive property. That means when the system that gravity bounds turns hotter. While. It releases energy. This effect forms when the energy in the system decreases. And the particles fall closer to each other. Those particles that are closer to each other release energy. When the form of the halo structure is a ball, the most outer particles fly out from the structure faster than particles that are in the center of the structure. This causes an effect where the center of the structure is surrounded. By. A ring-shaped structure. That ring pumps energy into the ball-shaped halo.

During that process, those particles that flee out from the structure release energy faster than particles in the structure. And that means those particles are closer to each other, which makes energy denser. Those particles start to collide. And send more energy. And particles that flee from structure also deliver part of their energy to that system. At the same time, those particles lose their mass. At the same time, impacts with other particles release more energy. The big question is: how dense does that structure become? 

Could it turn into a black hole? If we follow this model, we find a model. The dark matter starts to pack in the middle of the universe. This means. That dark matter turns hotter. It sends a wave movement that we can call dark energy. So if the dark energy source is dark matter and its halothermic collapse, we can make one decision that can explain the interesting form of dark energy. The idea is that dark energy can interact with dark matter halos around galaxies. Those halos can be far larger than galaxies. And if dark energy moves that halo, it affects the gravity symmetry in the halo, and the galaxy in the middle of it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-crack-a-new-code-to-explore-dark-matters-hidden-life/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Dark energy and star formation.

"This Is the Entire Universe Squeezed into One Image" (Space.com)

Accelerating expansion of the universe doesn’t necessarily mean that dark energy exists. The expansion causes the effect that the gravity turns weaker relative to the other four fundamental forces. But if the energy level in the universe is stable relative to the gravity. That means that. The energy source can be in matter or particles. That evaporates or turns into wave movement.  Another thing that could explain the static energy field is an outside energy source. And that causes the thought about the existence of other universes. 

Another dark energy source. It can be. In the galaxy filament. When those megastructures accelerate and slow. Those structures bind and release extra energy. Spinning protons and electrons in atomic hydrogen can accelerate and slow. Those particles are in a Bose-Einstein condensate state. That means those particles can be closed. In. The united quantum field. When some GRBs hit those fields, they send energy through the galaxy filament. Those waves can also explain dark energy. 

Could the Doppler effect, or redshift, explain dark energy? When objects are separating, redshift stretches the wavelength. That means it's possible that the red light. Turns into infrared radiation. Also. Infrared can turn into radio waves. And gamma-rays can turn into X-rays. Blueshift means that. When objects are closing. The wavelength turns shorter. But also things. Like gravitational fields, other radiation fields affect the wavelength. This means that. Part of the cosmic microwave background could have an origin as the infrared radiation. That redshift stretches. 

In some other model. The Bose-Einstein condensate. The state can cause an effect. That makes protons and neutrons turn so large that quarks inside them can drive quantum fields between them. That effect can cause quantum-size electric arcs between those quarks. And that thing can turn the particle invisible. And waves. Those impacts form. It could be a source of dark energy. But. The Doppler effect between separating particles may turn visible light into infrared radiation. 

The blueshift can also transform infrared into shorter-wavelength radiation. The IR radiation has the most effective radiation effect. If. Radiation transforms into radio waves. Or visible light, which means the radiation's effect on matter turns lower. 

We can say that dark energy. Is. Free energy that whirls around material. That free energy rips the universe into pieces. The reason why the acceleration of the universe accelerates. Is that. The gravitational effect between objects. Turns weaker. Because their distance grows. But. Things like quantum fields are also turning weaker. This means that quantum fields cannot transport energy. So strongly that quantum fields transported energy in the young universe. Without those fields, there is no movement. Even gravity waves cannot move in weak quantum fields. 

In some models. There is a shockwave. That formed during the Big Bang around the universe. The thing. That supports this shockwave is that, without that shockwave. The universe should collapse immediately. The shockwave will not travel at the speed of light. Because. The universe’s gravity pulls it back. This shockwave requires that something resists the escaping energy and matter. 

Then we can look at the time cone. And ask one interesting question: can we say that the universe could be like an electric arc? This means that the information focus can be in the metasurface of the present. Then two energy flows. Or. Maybe two arrows of time, impacted. That thing caused a shockwave that could form a vacuum. Forward. Of expanding material. That means there may be a so-called cosmic vacuum around the universe. 

If. Radiation crosses that type of vacuum. Its wavelength turns longer. In the same way. The universe’s own gravity fields. Stretch radiation. So. That means. Redshift. Forms infrared radiation in the universe. When we think about redshift and blueshift, that means that objects move against each other. Blueshift means. The wavelength of radiation turns shorter. When. Objects travel. To. Each other. In the universe, most objects. Like galactic megaclusters are traveling away from each other. This means that there is more red light in the universe than blue light. That means there is more infrared radiation in the universe than there should be. The redshift can pull red visible light into the infrared area. 

"A graphical representation of the expansion of the universe from the Big Bang to the present day, with the inflationary epoch represented as the dramatic expansion seen on the left. This visualization shows only a section of the universe; the empty space outside the diagram should not be taken to represent empty space outside the universe (which does not necessarily exist)." (Wikipedia, Expansion of the universe)

In. The same way. Redshift pulls gamma-rays into the X-ray area. And a black hole can stretch gamma rays into the IR- or even radio area. That slide is possible in the extreme gravitational field. The gravity field also stretches radiation. This means that things like gravity fields can transform visible light into the infrared or even radio waves. This means that it's possible that. Dark energy is energy that forms when other energy forms. Or radiation wavelength stretches through the electromagnetic spectrum. That means the radiation that travels through the infrared area affects. Like. Infrared radiation in the moment. It is spent. In. The electromagnetic spectrum’s infrared area. 

Redshift affects across the electromagnetic spectrum. Things like gravity fields stretch light. This means that redshift can also turn part of the infrared radiation into microwaves or radio waves. So. Maybe the secret of dark energy. It is in. The redshift, the Doppler effect. That removes part of the infrared radiation from the universe. This happens because black holes and separating objects stretch radiation. Maybe. The origin of the 3K radiation is in a situation. The Doppler effect. Turns the wave movement longer. The fact is that the Doppler effect or redshift affects all kinds of radiation. 

When we think about dark matter and dark energy, it’s possible that if the level of dark energy in the universe stays stable. And the gravity effect turns lower. This can cause acceleration. Of. The expansion of the universe. So, in that model, dark energy can be virtual. When. Energy in the universe stays stable because of matter. Like. Particles turn into radiation or wave movement. When. The relations of the four fundamental forces change. That. It can look like dark energy. 

"A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths" (Wikipedia, Electromagnetic spectrum)

Does the star formation continue in the cooling universe? 

When we look at the image of the universe, we can see that galaxies are mainly located near the “shell” of the universe. That means that if a shockwave is traveling outward, it creates whirls. Those whirls form black holes and then stars. The existence of the shockwave that formed during the Big Bang explains why we cannot see other universes. Another thing that this ancient shockwave explains is why there are galaxies, and why those galaxies are like they are. So the chain for star formation is this: 

1) First, it forms the black hole. 

2) That black hole forms a quasar. 

3) Then, the quasar pulls gas and later dust around it. 

4) Star formation begins when the energy level turns low enough. And conditions are stable enough.

5) Star formation ends in a galaxy when all hydrogen is used.  

"Artist's illustration showing the life of a massive star: Nuclear fusion converts lighter elements into heavier ones; when fusion no longer generates enough pressure to counteract gravity, the star collapses into a black hole. During this collapse, energy may be released as a momentary burst of gamma-rays aligned to the axis of rotation." (Wikipedia,Gamma-ray burst)

The star forms in a whirl in the galactic nebula. The whirl collects matter from around it and starts to condense into a star. So, as long as galaxies can form, the star formation continues. But someday in the future, the matter in the universe turns so thin that star formation stops. In galaxies, star formation stops when all hydrogen is used. As. A star’s energy source. Or black holes pull all material inside them. Star formation can also end if the entropy destroys the whirl. The star starts to form. 

This thing happens only in old galaxies. When. Galaxy formation ends. That causes the end of the star formation. Some day. In the future. Star formation ends. When matter turns too thin, there is no possibility of forming stars. 

 In a young universe, stars might. Also, be from outside the galaxies. That happens even today, but those stars turn very massive. The reason for that thing. Is that. There is no interference. Like star wind.  Or the radiation of the supermassive black hole. Also. Gravitation can destroy a protostar. If a protostar. It is too close to another star. A black hole. Or white dwarf. Those things. Can destroy it. Before. The fusion starts. 

When the universe’s expansion continues, the gravitational effect between galaxies turns weaker. The quantum field between objects turns weaker. This means energy travels out from particles, and that increases free energy in the universe.  That increases entropy. But. Otherwise, weaker quantum fields around galaxies and a colder universe make that free energy weaker. The interactions between mass centers. Like galaxies are complicated. The weaker energy fields and expanding universe mean that the scattering effect turns weaker. 

Same way. Redshift between objects turns stronger. Redshift means that there is more infrared radiation than should be. Redshift or the Doppler effect means that the spectrum. Turns red. That means red visible light can stretch into infrared. Infrared can turn into microwaves or radio waves. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/stars-form-within-expanding-universe/

https://www.space.com/31517-entire-universe-squeezed-one-image.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_filament

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

Can the mythical fifth force explain why dark matter is invisible?

"Researchers are testing whether dark matter obeys the same rules as visible matter or if a hidden force influences the unseen structure of the Universe. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Is Dark Matter Controlled by a Secret “Fifth Force”?)

There is a possibility. That's the dark matter strange form. That makes it invisible to our sensors is from the mythic fifth force. Today. The fifth force is a hypothetical interaction. The Muon g-2 anomaly in Fermilab and Brookhaven gave hope that this force could be true. Those anomalies were real. The thing. What caused those anomalies? It is a mystery. The anomaly is so weak. That it fits between the predicted values. So those results are contradictory. But it's possible that those results are a hint about the fifth force. 

It's also possible that dark matter is a source of dark energy. So, are dark energy and the fifth force the same thing? Nobody knows. 

The new measurements tell. There can be some other interactions between visible and dark matter. But those interactions are so weak. That they disappear under the glow of visible material. Mystic gamma-ray glow in the center of the Milky Way can form in cases when the supermassive black hole Sgr A* packs dark matter, or hypothetical dark matter particles, weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, in a small area. 

There, those particles can form. High-energy interaction. We can see that thing as the gamma-ray glow. That means dark matter can have similar interactions. As visible matter. But those particles are somehow different. That visible matter covers those dark matter interactions under it. It’s possible that WIMP is a very small high-energy particle. That we cannot detect. It’s possible that WIMP. And the graviton, the hypothetical gravitational transportation particle, is the same thing. But that is only one hypothesis. 

If dark matter doesn’t defy gravity, we must ask what makes that matter existent? That’s the gravity effect of that strange, unseen thing. There is a possibility. The dark matter is particles. Like some kind of quarks. Sometimes. It is theorized about. The possibility that dark matter particles, hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, are somehow similar to quarks.

But they have no ability. To form more complicated particle groups. Like hadrons. That means. There must be some kind of force that keeps those, still hypothetical particles, separated. The fact is that. If two similar particles have the same energy level. That forms a standing wave between them. And that pushes particles away from each other. 

There is a possibility that those particles send some kind of energy. which forms quantum-size electric arcs between them. That means WIMPs can explain the dark energy. So maybe dark energy form. When those hypothetical WIMP particles send energy when they impact each other. Or maybe the cases where WIMP turns into wave movement are the thing. That releases the energy that it stored. And maybe, we see that energy as dark energy. 

If the WIMP is a particle that is surrounded by a so-called standing wave that makes it is unable to reflect radiation. In some theories. That WIMP is a quantum-sized black hole. And energy slides into its spin axle. The WIMP condenses the energy fields and forms a thing that we can call dark energy. 

Above: The Fermilab results of the Muon g-2 anomaly in 2025. We can see that the results of the Muon magnetic field observations are minimally out of the range. That means Muon g-2 test results can be explained by the conditions of the test and measurement tools. But those anomalies still exist. 

But then we can ask what the fifth force is. Sometimes people say that the fifth force is the antigravity. There must be some kind of particle that transmits gravity waves. That hypothetical particle. Called graviton waits for its finder. Some theories claim that the graviton and WIMP are the same thing. And the thing that forms that particle is the quantum-sized black hole. The idea is that this particle can have a transition disk and a relativistic beam. like full-size black holes. 

Those things are so small that we cannot see them. There is the possibility that. Because those small black holes have a transition disk. That thing pushes them. Away from each other. There is a possibility that quantum gravity is not the same as full-size gravity. And in some models, dark energy is the antigravity, the energy that fills the gravity waves, or energy valleys between those waves. The fifth force could have its origin in the WIMPs that stored too much energy. 

"A mysterious gamma-ray light from the center of our galaxy may be the long-sought sign of dark matter. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, A Strange Glow in the Milky Way May Be Our First Glimpse of Dark Matter)

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The expansion of the universe means that if dark energy formed during the Big Bang, the expansion should make dark energy weaker. When the universe expands. And there is the same amount of dark energy. That means the dark energy should turn weaker, because it must fill a larger space. 

Another possibility is that the universe leaks. Dark energy is a wave movement that should travel at the speed of light. That means dark energy can travel out of the universe before particles. So if dark energy travels out from the universe, and there is no dark energy that comes from outside the universe. That means there is less dark energy left in the universe. 

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Maybe. One of the reasons for that is the expansion of the universe. But if we think that the universe’s expansion causes the dark energy to turn stronger. We face an interesting research. That research tells us that the universe’s expansion is slowing. That challenges the established theories that dark energy is stable. If dark energy formed in the Big Bang. That means it should advance. When the universe expands. 

The domination of the four known fundamental interactions changes. First, the strong nuclear force was dominating. Then the weak nuclear force. Electromagnetism. And then gravitation. Now dominating is a strange dark energy. When particle distances grow. There is more free energy between them. Dark energy is free energy that rips the universe. That’s the simple model. 

The complicated model is. Dark energy turns weaker. As well as. The other four interactions. In this mode. The universe leaks energy away from it. So, if dark energy travels out from the universe faster than it expands. Dark energy travels at the speed of light. And matter behind it travels slower. That means dark energy can exit the universe before any particle. That means dark energy should also turn weaker. 

The universe's expansion turns it larger. And if all dark energy is released from the Big Bang, that means the expansion of the universe should turn dark energy weaker, because there is a static amount of dark energy to fill a larger universe. So, even if dark energy does not escape from the universe before matter, that means dark energy turns weaker anyway. 

https://news.fnal.gov/2025/06/muon-g-2-most-precise-measurement-of-muon-magnetic-anomaly/

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-dark-defy-gravity.html

https://scitechdaily.com/a-strange-glow-in-the-milky-way-may-be-our-first-glimpse-of-dark-matter/

https://scitechdaily.com/is-dark-matter-controlled-by-a-secret-fifth-force/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-einstein-was-only-half-right-nasas-new-test-for-dark-energy/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-will-end-in-a-big-crunch-physicists-warns/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_force

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_g-2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Dark matter may act like a superfluid.

Concept image of dark matter superfluid. (Interesting Engineering, Dark matter may flow like cosmic superfluid, forming vortex lines inside galaxies: Study)

Dark matter can flow like a superfluid. And this is one of the new ideas, about that matter and its existence. Dark matter refers to a mysterious gravitational effect that is present in many, but not all, galaxies. Dark matter is some kind of matter, but the problem is what its real shape is. Researchers think that dark matter particles, called weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, form dark matter. Because dark matter seems to be missing in some galaxies, that means dark matter should form structures like nebulae, just like visible matter. So, dark matter spread in the universe is not homogeneous. The gravitational interactions between dark and visible matter mean that the dark matter could form black holes. 

That means dark matter should have some kind of particle form. But nobody knows what that particle really is. It’s possible that dark matter is some kind of quasiparticle nebula, like the so-called stable exciton. Another version is that dark matter particles can spin in a way. Which makes quantum fields. To slide past it. That means the particle itself cannot give reflection. There are multiple models that this matter could be. In some theories, the fast-spinning superstrings. Extremely thin energy fields can roll quantum fields in that structure. If the ends of those energy fields are in a lower energy state, that causes a situation where the superstring transports energy from its ends. 

A render of the Cherenkov Telescope Array. (Interesting Engineering, Mysterious glow from Milky Way’s center could prove dark matter exists)

Could WIMP be some very small, high-energy particle that can tunnel through other particles? The idea is this: WIMP could be a very small particle. That collects energy in the middle of it. Then that energy travels out from the WIMP. From its spin axis. If the WIMP turns its spin axis to another particle, that energy flow acts like a drill. That thing could make the WIMP tunnel through other particles. 

That means we cannot see that superstring from the middle of it, if it can transport all energy into its ends. The only known interaction between dark matter and visible matter is gravity. There is a possibility that dark matter has some other interactions. But those interactions are so weak. Things like electromagnetism cover them below it. In those models, WIMPs are so small particles. That they cause interaction. In the smallest subatomic particles. Those interactions vanish. Under the electromagnetic radiation. There is also a possibility that the WIMP is some kind of boson. 

The WIMP could be a high-energy particle. Or it can act like some neutrino. In that model is possible that the WIMP can tunnel through other particles. In some models, the WIMP is a particle. That's hovering in some kind of quantum field. The quantum field can be. A standing wave around the particle. In that case. It is possible. The particle can turn its spin axis to the object, which can be another particle. If WIMP is a very small, fast-spinning particle. It can conduct energy into the middle of it. And then transmit that energy out from its spin axis. That energy that travels out from the particle acts like a drill. 

That causes a situation where the particle transmits extra energy. The mystery gamma-ray glow can mean that the dark matter density is higher near the supermassive  black holes like Sgr* A. Black hole packs dark matter around it and that makes WIMPs interacting more often than usually. That can cause the mysterious gamma-ray glow near the center of the galaxy. 

And this thing can cause an effect. The dark matter particle just tunnels itself. Through the much larger particle. This means that the dark matter particle, still a hypothetical WIMP, can act. Like some kind of “mini neutrino”. If the dark matter is some kind of static quasiparticle, that opens new visions to things like quantum technology. In some models, the superposition and quantum entanglement are formed in the exciton. An exciton is the case where an electron jumps out from its position. And orbits its holes. Or it allows researchers to accomplish the quantum models. 

https://interestingengineering.com/space/dark-matter-behaves-like-superfluid

https://interestingengineering.com/space/milky-ways-glow-linked-to-dark-matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton

When black holes merge. Can black holes explain dark energy?

When black holes merge. Can black holes explain dark energy? 

When we think about gravity. And black holes' movement when they merge. We can ask: can this effect explain dark energy? Or dark matter, or both of them. When black holes merge, they orbit each other before they collide. Gravity is the thing that causes curvature in space and time. That curvature means that the gravity field compresses other energy fields when it pulls them into a black hole. All black holes are surrounded by a transition, or material disk. Those material disks are the most high-energy objects in the universe. When black holes close. With each other. Those material disks start to repel each other. That energy pushes black holes a little bit out from their courses. 

So, gravitation wins, but before the merger, those black holes orbit each other, sending gravitational waves. But when we think about the material disks, particles that orbit the black hole and their event horizon, they transport energy out from that system. The black hole’s event horizon, the point where the escaping velocity reaches the speed of light, is the point where there is no turning back. But before the event horizon, particles can escape from that monster's gravitational field. Maybe. Dark energy forms when some very small black holes interact. 

A photon is a ring-shaped particle that forms around some center. There is a possibility that photons form around the small, quantum-sized black hole. This means dark energy can be some kind of interaction between photons. So. Can dark energy form when photons change their form from particle to wave movement? It’s possible that the photon releases some kind of energy impulse. 

The model goes like that. If there is an energy ring around all gravity centers that sends some radiation or wave movement. That means that energy, or some material rings, form an effect around gravitational and magnetic centers that pushes them away from each other. 

In some theories. Some kind of wormhole. It can bring high-energy particles from the past. If something can bring particles from the past through the shortcut from the past to the present or future. Or maybe. Those wormholes bring high-energy radiation from the past. The fact is that we have no visual observation of dark energy. There is something that forms wave movement that dominates the universe. There is a possibility that the dark energy is some kind of virtual effect. When a black hole’s relativistic jet hits particles, it can turn them to spin. The gamma-rays can turn some part of an atom’s nucleus, like quarks, to spin very fast. 

Theoretically is possible that the fast-spinning quarks can bind energy into it, and then conduct it out from its spin axle. And that could turn material dark. Or invisible if the observer is not looking at it straight from the quark’s spin axis. If that thing is really possible, that means the matter can turn into dark. Because those quarks bind all energy into them. And if matter can wobble between dark and visible states, transformation between those states requires energy. So if matter puts quarks to spin. That requires energy. And if particles slow their spin, that means those particles release energy. If that is really possible. That is the ultimate step in stealth technology. 

And in the most exotic models. Dark energy forms in particles of energy. Or quantum fields are spinning extremely fast. This extremely fast-spinning quantum field locks energy into a particle. Then, for some reason, the spin of that field slows, and that particle releases its extra energy to the environment. That means. Those fast-spinning quantum fields act like natural Tipler cylinders. The idea of the Tipler time machine. Or the Tipler cylinder is simple. Fast-spinning cylinders. Cause time dilation in objects and particles inside them. That means that those cylinders pump energy into those particles, and that slows their aging. So, time moves more slowly in those cylinders. 

The energy whirls and material disks can form the Tipler Cylinder around neutron stars and black holes. So, why doesn’t the fast-spinning quantum field make the same thing into particles? When that fast-spinning quantum field locks energy into a particle. That means time travels more slowly in that field. But if that spinning quantum field is gone, that means that the energy level in particles is higher than it should be. That particle releases more energy than it should. And that can be seen as dark energy. This is one theory that could explain the mystery. Called dark energy. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

Does the universe end in a big crunch or big silence?

 

Scale of dark energy effecting surrounding stars. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab / Michael Lentz (ScitechDaily, What If Einstein Was Only Half Right? NASA’s New Test for Dark Energy)

The fact is that the only thing we know is that the universe has a beginning and an end. This means. The lifetime of the universe and material as we know it has a limited time. A flat universe means. That the expansion continues forever. The spherical universe means. The universe will collapse into the Big Crunch. The hyperbolic universe means. The universe's expansion continues forever. The fate of the universe. Depends on the density parameter marked as Omega (Ω). This is why. This parameter is sometimes called the “Omega parameter”, but that means the density parameter. The problem with making predictions about the universe’s ultimate fate is that we don’t know the universe’s local geometry. When the universe expands. That means interactions between particles turn weaker. There are four fundamental interactions. Strong, weak nuclear interactions, electromagnetism, and gravitation. 

And we don’t know. Does the dark energy really evolve? The thing is that dark energy will evolve. If it's released in the Big Bang. Another big question is where that energy begins. There are models that dark energy forms in space between subatomic particles. There is something that collects and summarizes energy fields. If there is a fast-spinning structure that binds energy into it, and when its rotation speed decreases. That means. The structure releases its energy. 

“The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space.” (Wikipedia, Shape of the universe)

If Ω = 1, the universe is flat.

If Ω > 1, there is positive curvature.

If Ω < 1, there is negative curvature.

The ultimate fate of the universe depends on whether the universe is closed or open. If the universe is open. The ultimate fate of the universe is the big silence. If the universe is closed. The ultimate fate of the universe is the Big Crunch. The only thing that fills the condition that the universe is closed is the spherical universe. 

Closed universe

If Ω>1, the geometry of space is closed, like the surface of a sphere. The sum of the angles of a triangle exceeds 180 degrees, and there are no parallel lines; all lines eventually meet. The geometry of the universe is, at least on a very large scale, elliptic. (Wikipedia, Ultimate fate of the universe)

Open universe

If Ω<1, the geometry of space is open, i.e., negatively curved like the surface of a saddle. The angles of a triangle sum to less than 180 degrees, and lines that do not meet are never equidistant; they have a point of least distance and otherwise grow apart. The geometry of such a universe is hyperbolic. (Wikipedia, Ultimate fate of the universe)

There is also a possibility that the universe is virtually open. That means the edge of the pancake universe could be at a higher level than the center of the universe. That makes the universe curve. Above itself like some kind of rosebud.  And that effect. Closes the universe into it. The lower energy center in the universe pulls the edge into it. But that is only speculation. 

In some models, the Big Bang was a series of events. That can form shells. Or layers, or states,  in the universe. Those layers or shells form the structure; their energy jumps back and forth. That model tries to explain dark energy as the oscillation or waves in those layers. 

Another explanation is that the dark energy is the glow of the Big Bang. And in the newest models. Dark energy is the glow that forms when dark matter particles interact. The problem is that we haven’t seen dark matter particles. The only thing. That tells us. A possible dark matter interaction is a strange gamma-ray glow in the center of galaxies. The another explanation can be that the supermassive black holes like Sgr*A. can pull dark energy intside them. If that is true. The supermassive black hole turns dark energy. So dense. It causes some subatomic particles to glow. Another explanation could be that the black hole’s gravitational field stretches protons, and that causes the subatomic particle-antiparticle pairs to annihilate. 

There are theories that some kind of wormholes teleport, or tunnel particles through them. Those wormholes act like masers. They transmit energy into particles that travel in those energy tornadoes or energy tunnels. This is the effect. That denies particles from turning old. When a particle comes out of that wormhole, it releases its energy faster than usual. There is also a possibility that some kind of energy wave travels through those energy bridges, and they can inject more energy into that string. The energy tornado acts like a laser. The wormhole locks energy in the particle. And that denies its aging. 

“A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

If a particle travels through a wormhole and comes out, its energy level is higher than it should be. And that means it releases energy faster and stronger than normal particles that traveled the same distance.  

And it pumps energy into the field that travels in the electromagnetic or gravitational tornado. If there is a gravitational field that travels in a gravitational tornado, that structure binds gravitational energy into it. But at the same time. The wave that travels in the gravitational tornado sends a stronger gravitational wave than it should when it comes out from that structure. We know that those energy tornadoes are possible. There is evidence. About electromagnetic wormholes, but the wormholes that travel through a gravitational field are not yet proven. 

When we think about the models. Where the dark energy evolves.  Because. All dark energy was released in the Big Bang. We can look at the cosmic microwave background (CMB). There are holes in that image. The expansion can form holes in the dark energy just like it forms holes in the CMB. That forms a vacuum in the energy field. And this causes a situation. Where energy falls into those bubbles. This effect focuses the energy field in those bubbles. 

Above: Cosmic microwave background. 

If dark energy forms fields. The Schwinger effect is also possible between dark energy waves. And the dark energy should also have wave-particle duality. This means that things like Kugelblitz black holes can also form from dark energy. In physics. Kugelblitz means a black hole. That formed straight from radiation or wave movement. 

The thing is that dark energy interacts with all particles, but that interaction is so weak. That we can see it. Only in the large-scale structures. But then back to the universe’s ultimate fate. That thing is one of the biggest mysteries in many ways. For effecting material energy must move. And if dark energy was released in the Big Bang event. The expansion of the universe causes the conclusion that. Dark energy should turn weaker. When the area of the energy expands, but there is no new energy in that area. That turns energy weaker. But if that energy forms somewhere. That means the energy effect turns static. Or it turns even stronger. Dark energy is similar to energy. As all other energy types. 

We don’t know its origin. If dark energy forms somewhere, that could prove the hypothetical particle’s tachyons' existence. Tachyons are hypothetical faster-than-light particles. There is a possibility that the black holes can release those particles. But. When a tachyon comes into three-dimensional space and time. It releases its energy immediately. That means tachyons cannot exist in our universe. It’s possible that tachyons release photons. Those are on the ultra-high energy levels. That can explain dark energy. Dark energy should have interaction with all particles, but that interaction is so weak that we cannot see it. 

There is one very exciting model of dark energy. That model is that dark energy forms outside the universe. Maybe that strange wave movement that dominates the universe existed before the Big Bang. That could explain matter and energy. Same way. As the theory. Where the universe and matter formed from gravitational waves. In the most exciting model, the dark energy formed matter in wave-particle duality. If dark energy is a wave movement. Wave-particle duality (WPD). And the Schwinger effect. It should also be possible in dark energy. That means dark energy can also form particles. But then, what is the ultimate fate of the universe? The fact is this: we don’t know. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/ask-ethan-will-the-cosmic-microwave-background-ever-disappear/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/evolving-dark-energy-big-crunch/

https://hub.jhu.edu/2025/10/16/mysterious-glow-in-milky-way-dark-matter/

https://www.livescience.com/physics-mathematics/dark-matter/mysterious-glow-at-the-milky-ways-center-could-reshape-a-major-cosmic-theory

https://sciencenotes.org/cosmic-microwave-background-radiation-cmb-or-cmbr/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-einstein-was-only-half-right-nasas-new-test-for-dark-energy/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-will-end-in-a-big-crunch-physicists-warns/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Dark energy can be virtual. Or, maybe quantum tunneling could explain that thing.

Can black holes be the key to dark energy? 

When we think that the black hole absorbs energy fields and matter inside it. That means the energy turns denser around black holes. That thing can cause a situation where dark matter and visible matter start to interact. There is also a possibility that things like hypothetical tachyon particles can transfer energy into those extremely dense fields. In some visions, the black hole can transmit tachyons. Or near it, the superstrings interact so often that those interactions are seen as dark energy. 

Sometimes things like dark matter annihilation are introduced as the dark energy sources. The dark energy can also be a virtual effect, which forms when the universe expands. Sometimes, some known fundamental forces are introduced as dark energy. 

There is a possibility that things like gluons can send a wave movement that has a very short wavelength. That makes this radiation very hard to detect. And that means that the ark energy can be radiation whose wavelength is shorter than gamma-rays. 

The universe and its shape are changing. All the time. The only stable thing in the universe is change. One of the things that causes the change is so-called dark energy. There is a possibility that the dark energy is only a virtual force. The force that forms when the universe expands. That expansion moves objects away from each other. And that turns gravity weaker. This is one explanation for the dark energy. There are also models that dark energy is a gravitational scattering effect. That turns the gravitational effect weaker. The gravitational scattering effect scatters and spreads gravitational waves. 

That effect could exist. Because gravitation is a wave movement. That means it should scatter like all other wave movements. But. When we think about the question of dark energy.  We should ask what puts energy into motion. The crossing of a high-power gravitational field. Or a gravity wave. It could cut the gravitational bridge between two objects. But then. We can think of dark energy as the result of quantum tunneling. 

When a particle travels through the quantum tunnel or wormhole, it will not behave like other particles. During the tunneling process, the particle will not receive its energy. Like in other cases. The quantum tunnel is like an energy whirl. That press energy to the particle. This means when the particle travels through the quantum tunnel, its energy level is higher than it should be. So the quantum tunneling can be one thing. That can explain dark energy. Quantum tunneling is quite a “normal” effect in the universe. Electromagnetic wormholes or quantum tunnels form. All the time. 

When electromagnetic radiation impacts a particle, it forms a shadow on the particle’s opposite side. If that particle spins a certain way, it starts to form an electromagnetic tornado that can create a tunnel between two points. Because the tunnel’s or quantum tunnel’s wall is on a higher energy level than the potential wall.  That thing helps the electromagnetic tornado tunnel itself through the potential barriers. 

The wormhole is the gravitational version of quantum tunneling. And it would be the most extreme version of quantum tunneling. In that case, the quantum tunnel forms through the gravitational fields. But when we think about things like neutrinos, they can tunnel through planets and stars. Those particles also interact with their environment. And when they travel through the planets, the planet’s core could transform energy into those particles. That means their energy level will be higher than it should. 

But then to the wormholes. If we think about the black hole’s paradoxes, one of the things that the black hole should make is the case where time travels backward. When the escape velocity is higher than the speed of light. That thing can cause a situation. Where time travels backward, because time dilation stops time at the speed of light. 

And when escape velocity turns higher than the speed of light, that means time should move backward. If time exists. In this case, the arrow of time starts to circle around the black hole at the point of the event horizon. The arrow of time means that when one particle travels past another particle. On a lower energy level. A higher-energy particle transmits energy. To a lower energy particle. That slows time in that receiving particle. 

That energy that the space around the event horizon presses information back in time. Or in some models, the black hole takes information into the point where it was born. That means that if this thing is true. And the first thing that formed in the universe was a black hole. There can be a black hole that is like a pillar from the end of the universe to the beginning of the universe. If that is true, black holes can transport energy from the future to the past. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/hubble-tension-dark-energy/

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a69076047/universe-bends-laws-of-physics/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Dark matter and dark energy can have more than one source.

"Protons are messy on the inside. Made of three main quarks (illustrated with large spheres), the particles also harbor a constantly shifting collection of transient quarks and antiquarks (smaller spheres) and gluons (squiggles) that bind the quarks together."(ScienceNews, Protons’ antimatter is even more lopsided than we thought)

"The proton’s antimatter is out of whack. An imbalance between two types of antiparticles that seethe within the proton is even wonkier than previously thought, a new measurement indicates."(ScienceNews, Protons’ antimatter is even more lopsided than we thought)

Protons are built from t­hree quarks — two “up” quarks and one “down” quark. But they also contain a roiling sea of transient quarks and antiquarks that fluctuate into existence before swiftly annihilating one another. Within that sea, down antiquarks outnumber up antiquarks, measurements revealed in the 1990s. And that lopsidedness persists in a realm of quark momenta previously unexplored, researchers from the SeaQuest experiment at Fermilab in Batavia, Ill., report February 24 in Nature." (ScienceNews, Protons’ antimatter is even more lopsided than we thought)

One of the things that could explain dark energy and dark matter is distant antimatter-matter annihilations. When two particles another matter and another antimatter collide. That forms the high-power energy impact. In that reaction, both particles turn into energy. And that can explain where that matter is gone. Distant antimatter-matter annihilation can also form short-term bubbles in the quantum fields. And those bubbles can act like particles. When those bubbles are filled, those things are gone. And the energy that those particles released can form dark matter. It’s possible that the particles that annihilate are not positron-electron pairs.

 There is a possibility that those particles are quark-antiquark pairs in a proton. When a proton goes into the low-energy area or into a weak quantum field, those quarks can move away from each other, because the quantum fields around them turn weaker. That expands the proton and gives space there those quarks and antiquarks to move.  In that case, those quarks and antiquarks will touch each other. In normal cases, the outside quantum field pushes the proton into its form. In that case quark doesn’t touch its antiquark pair. But when the proton expands, that allows those particles to move. And then those quark-antiquark pairs can touch each other. 

Above, the object is in its gravity pothole. 

The nature of gravity is that the gravity makes an energy pothole in the spacetime. The reason for that is that the gravity center binds energy into itself. When an object is in its gravity pothole, the side coming energy pumps energy into that particle. The spin binds energy into kinetic form. And the particle can start sending it away from its poles or spin axis. That forms the wave-structure that can turn into a Lorentz (strange) attractor. That structure can pump energy into a particle, and that can transform the particle into a black hole, if it cannot realease that energy. The size of the pothole or the energy and material whirl around the particle determines when it can release its energy. If that pothole is large enough, that thing can cause a situation where the object turns into a black hole. 

Maybe there is more than one thing that causes effects that we know as dark matter and dark energy. Quasiparticles like excitons can act like they are real matter. Things like expansion of the universe, and small energy channels through space can cause effect that looks like dark energy and dark matter. 

Dark matter is one of the most interesting unsolved mysteries. The problem with that thing is simple. Nobody has seen dark matter particles. That means some researchers want to disprove the dark matter theorem.  There are solutions that can explain dark matter without dark matter particles. There are theories about the “free excitons” and fast-spinning particles that quantum fields are spinning so fast that they throw radiation that bypasses them. That phenomenon can be described as a quantum-level, or subatomic-size, Meissner effect. The particle drives electromagnetic fields past them. And that causes a situation where the particle acts like a stealth surface; its radiation slides over it. 

The free exciton model means. There is a hole, or a lower energy point, in the quantum field. And if there is some kind of energy ring surrounding that thing, this kind of virtual particle can put energy into a flow.  There is also a possibility that the lower energy area around galaxies and galactic superclusters causes a situation in which those particles and wave movement accelerate faster than calculated. If those particles travel in some kind of electromagnetic wormhole, or electromagnetic tornado. 

That can cause the so-called maser effect. That pumps energy to those particles. That thing. Makes those particles higher energy than they should. And when particles come out from the electromagnetic wormhole, they release their extra energy. And if those particles traveled through the wormhole, it would be on a higher energy level than it should be. In this case particle is more massive than it should be. And maybe that explains dark energy. 

“Artist’s impression of two nuclear spins, remotely entangled via the geometric gate applied via the electron. Credit: Tony Melov / UNSW Sydney” (ScitechDaily, “Like Talking on the Telephone” – Quantum Breakthrough Lets Individual Atoms Chat Like Never Before)

The nature of gravity is one of the things that can put energy. Into moving. Faster than it should. There is a possibility that the gravitational field looks like Lorentz’s Strange attractor, or, Lorenz attractor. When the gravitational center spins, it pulls those bubbles into it. When those bubbles or sides of “lying 8” travel to the gravitational center, that transforms them into kinetic energy. They pull particles and wave movement with them. That means this model explains that gravitation is the opposite of wave movement. If wave movement travels into the center, it pulls the fields and particles with it. In that case. The side coming field tries to fill the space that the field. That the wave movement took with it, leaving behind. When a wave takes a field with it, it is like a string that leaves micro- or quantum whirls behind it. Those whirls can condense the EM field. 

There is also a possibility that the particle goes into a Lorentz attractor, a shaped energy field. If there is a higher energy particle on the other side of the attractor. Or energy travels outside into the attractor, which means the attractor pumps energy into the particle. If Energy travels out from the middle of the particle, that forms a situation where the particle accelerates energy fields. Those energy needles are very thin and hard to detect. And the main question is, what puts energy into motion, and what causes the gravitational effect; that origin is unknown. One of the answers could be the energy movement in energy fields, which takes particles and other fields with it. In some models, colliding quarks and other subatomic particles cause effects that we know as dark energy. 

Above: The model of a wormhole. 

And of course, the real wormholes. Or the gravitational wormholes can explain dark energy and dark matter. If a particle travels through the Einstein-Rosen bridge, it will not lose its energy. That means the particle is also more massive than it should be. When a particle comes out from the Einstein-Rosen bridge, or wormhole, it releases its energy. At that point, the particle also loses its mass. This model explains dark energy and dark matter as particles that traveled through the wormhole. And when they came out of that tunnel, they released their energy immediately. That energy release removes their weight and turns them into regular particles. There is a possibility that a wormhole cannot transmit anything other than radiation or elementary particles. 

In some models, the superstrings, or ring-shaped energy fields, can act like matter. When those energy rings spin, they bind quantum fields into them. And this means that the dark energy and dark matter are the effects that form in field interactions. When the wheel-shaped energy fields touch each other. That forms the soliton, or “electric arc” that turns energy denser than it should. 

The black hole interaction is very complicated. The magnetic field switches on and off. And that causes the plasmon eruptions. But also things like relativistic jets are traveling in space. Those jets can travel in an electromagnetic tunnel that pumps energy into relativistic jets. And also when wave movement travels through plasmons, that increases their energy level. That means there might not be only one thing that causes dark energy and dark matter. The virtual- or quasiparticles and cosmic voids can accelerate the wave movement. Same way as some particles with hyper high energy levels can cause measurement errors. There is also a possibility that there are more black holes in the universe than we expected.  

The black hole causes a massive virtual redshift. This means its gravity pulls wave movement into a straight form. This effect causes a situation where the black hole seems to be at a longer distance than it really is. The black hole that is quite close to the Earth can move quantum fields faster than they should. So, that means there can be more than one effect that we see as dark matter and dark energy. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/decades-long-quest-reveals-details-of-the-protons-inner-antimatter-20210224/

https://www.sciencealert.com/decades-long-experiment-finds-strange-mix-of-antimatter-in-the-heart-of-every-proton

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/proton-antimatter-lopsided-quark-antiquark

https://scitechdaily.com/dark-matter-and-dark-energy-dont-exist-new-study-claims/

https://scitechdaily.com/is-dark-matter-evolving-a-new-theory-to-solve-the-universes-biggest-mystery/

https://scitechdaily.com/like-talking-on-the-telephone-quantum-breakthrough-lets-individual-atoms-chat-like-never-before/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole