The model of Hawking radiation. And black hole evaporation.

 

A quasar emits exceptional amounts of energy generated by matter falling into a supermassive black hole. Credit: NASA, ESA, and J. Olmsted (STScI). Thirty-one newly discovered ancient quasars are giving scientists their clearest view yet of the universe’s earliest giant black holes.” (ScitechDaily, The Universe Was Barely Born When These Giant Black Holes Appeared)

The universe. It was just born. When the giant black holes formed. 

The model of Hawking radiation. And black hole evaporation. Hawking radiation. It forms in black hole evaporation. One of the reasons why. A black hole. It is. so powerful. It Is that. A black hole is spinning. Its spin binds energy from around it. That makes a black hole act like a cold object. The singularity inside the black hole acts like a thermal pump. It binds energy as long as the material disk’s energy level is higher. Than. The singularity can bind. The energy level determines. 

The existence of the singularity. Energy that comes from outside. It presses electrons and quarks. Into one entity.  If that energy vanishes. That singularity starts to erupt. In a singularity, all particles that form atoms are under one quantum field. They turn into one entirety. A super particle. All elementary particles form one homogeneous particle. There are no internal structures in that matter. And that causes its form as a black hole. 

When the spinning speed accelerates. A black hole pulls and binds energy. And then the speed of the black hole’s spin slows. A black hole reabsorbs its energy. This means that the black hole’s shell sends an energy impulse against that spiral form. That breaks harmony. And it forms. The entropy in the system inside the event horizon. When a black hole’s spin accelerates, it binds energy. Energy travels in the black hole’s singularity. 

By following a nice-looking spiral trajectory. The lack of entropy means that there is no reflection. In reflection, a photon transfers energy into the particle’s quantum field. And then that quantum field sends an energy impulse. If something pulls energy out from the quantum field from another side. That thing forms a situation. Where there is no reflection. Reflection can also happen through the whirl. The particle pulls energy into the whirl. Then that whirl kicks energy back to the particle. And pushes it back. In the same way, we will jump on a trampoline. The jumper moves energy to the trampoline. And then the energy reflection pushes the jumper back. The reason why we cannot run on the water is that. We cannot move enough energy fast enough to liquid. Water molecules transport energy out from that point. 

In the same way. Superdegenenerated material in the singularity transports energy out from the impact point. The singularity is surrounded by the energy field. That pushes it into its form. The energy can travel to that material as long as. Its spin speed turns faster. When a black hole spins. Its whirl turns larger. And the whirl pushes energy into the black hole’s singularity. The whirl and singularity. They are in interaction. The whirl denies the singularity to release its energy. And when that whirl vanishes. Nothing can keep a black hole in its form. 

Nothing can escape inside the event horizon. But there is a possibility that something can steal energy. From the point of the event horizon. This is possible without breaking the laws of nature. The speed of light depends on the density of matter. This means that light travels more slowly in the black hole’s material disk than outside it. We could see that difference. Only if we stand out from the space. When the material disk escapes from the event horizon. That thing causes a situation where there is a hole. The speed of light is faster than the speed of light. It is outside that point. If some kind of string or particle falls into the event horizon. And that material disk jumps away from that point. 

The quantum field or string. It can conduct energy out from that point. When a material disk jumps out from the event horizon. That causes the effect. That event horizon falls in. This ditch in the event horizon forms because the speed of light changes at that point. Things that affect the speed of light. They are the density of matter and radiation. This is why the speed of light is slower in the atmosphere. Than. It is in the vacuum. And this means. The speed of light is slower in the black hole’s material disk. Than outside it. The speed of light is the speed of a photon. That speed is always top. But the speed of a photon depends on the environment. 

The universe was very young. When the giant black holes formed. The reason for the ultimate size of those old black holes was the density of the young universe.  The young universe was denser. And those black holes pulled more matter and energy inside them than black holes pull in the modern universe. The resistance or pressure from surrounding matter and quantum fields pressed those black holes into their form. Then the universe’s expansion. It decreased the counter pressure. And that let those black holes expand. That is a very simplified explanation. Another reason for this. That expansion happens due to entropy. The speed of light in the young universe was different. 

The entropy in the young universe was higher. This means that. The difference in entropy between the black hole’s halo, material disk, and its environment. It was higher. But in the black hole’s material disk, that entropy is always lower than around it. That causes the pull of that massive object. Inside the black hole. There is no entropy at all. And that causes an effect. That nothing can escape from it. When material escapes from a gravitational field. The field loads energy into that particle. Then the particle requires something. That makes it turn back. Entropy: the disorder in the system. It forms a whirl. 

And then the particle. It can push against that whirl. If that whirl doesn’t form. There is nothing that the particle can push against. And that thing causes the fall of the matter. One of the ways. That can cause an object like a photon to escape is that the photon pushes against other photons. That is trapped at the point. Of the event horizon. When the photon sends an energy impulse to another photon or particle that is trapped at that point. That lower photon transfers its energy to that higher photon. And that means the energy is stolen from the black hole. 

The interaction between the black hole and its environment goes like this: If the black hole’s evaporation is so strong. That falling matter cannot replace lost mass and energy. The black hole shrinks. And if it gets more energy and matter. Than. It loses in its evaporation. The black hole expands. The evaporation. It is the reason for the Hawking radiation. There are a couple of things. That can cause the black hole to lose a photon or energy. 

One is a very low-energy photon. That photon can steal energy from a black hole. The idea is that. This kind of photon can act like icy water. When its energy level is lower than a black hole’s, photons. That lower-energy photon. It just binds energy from the black hole. Into it. When that happens, a black hole loses a little bit of its mass. The surface area of the black hole. It determines the evaporation speed. The small black hole. It has a larger surface area. Relation. To its volume than a large black hole. That means. Smaller black hole evaporation. It is stronger than the larger ones. The escape velocity at the point of the event horizon. It is always the speed of light. But the environment determines the speed of light. If the environment is dense. The speed of light is lower. Than. If the black hole is in a low-density region. 

Another version of that model is the photon. It starts to orbit the black hole. Just at the point of the event horizon. That point is not as stable as we might think. And the waves of that point can cause a situation. That photon will escape from the point of the event horizon. The photon escapes because the event horizon escapes. And leaves the photon outside it. There is also a possibility that the photon focuses energy. In the middle of it. If a photon gets all its energy from the event horizon. It can form a quantum dot. That can drive energy out. From the point of the event horizon. The whirl that forms just at the point of the event horizon. It can push energy to other particles. 

The third version is that the black hole can form a so-called parasite black hole. In its material disk or halo. This so-called “parasite” black hole can exist for a very short time. But it can steal photons from the black hole’s event horizon. The idea is that. Another black hole takes a photon out from the point of the event horizon. And if that photon travels past the other black hole. The energy that the black hole pumped into that photon is lost forever.

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-was-barely-born-when-these-giant-black-holes-appeared/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

Gamma-rays from the center of the Milky Way can open the mystery of dark matter.

Can dark matter be the quantum-size version of the gravastars? 

Dark matter is a mystery. It is suggested that dark matter particles are so-called quantum-size black holes. Einstein’s  models suggest that any objects in the universe. They can turn into black holes. This thing happens. When outside radiation presses electrons into an atom’s core. Then the radiation must “only” melt the particles in the atom’s core. Into one entirety. This entirety is called singularity. There is a suggestion that all particles involve a quantum-sized black hole. And the thing. What we see as a particle is the halo of the quantum-size black hole. 

Then to the hypothetical. gravastars. If we think that the quantum-sized black holes exist. We can think. That. The quantum-sized versions of gravistars or gravitational vacuum stars. Also existed. The gravastar. It could solve many problems in fundamental physics. The gravastar explains dark energy. That. If the shell of a gravastar, or a quantum-sized gravastar, breaks. That lets the gravitational field travel into that gravitational vacuum. That causes the effect. That is similar to a vacuum bomb. That vacuum. It can collect and focus energy. Into the middle of it. 

But some other new models suggest that some black holes are actually gravastars. So-called hollow singularities. There, the entire mass of the object is in that object’s core. The hypothetical gravitational vacuum stars are also dense objects. But their matter is like a ball around the area. Its gravity affects symmetrically from its edge. And that forms the gravitational vacuum in the middle of that object.  

So there is a possibility. The microlensing forms a situation. Their energy focuses straight into the center of the atom’s core. That thing can cause the photonic nuclear reaction. That can cause the neutron decay. Or it could transform a proton in the atom’s nucleus into an anti-proton. That can cause. A nuclear reaction that throws the mass of an entire atom into a ball-shaped structure. And that thing means that the dark matter. It could be like a quantum-sized version of the gravastar. 

“A diagram comparing the structure of a classical black hole with a gravastar.” (Wikipedia, Gravastar)

And then to the gamma-rays from the Sagittarius A*.

Strange gamma-ray bursts from near the Milky Way’s center. They are things that are suggested to be from dark matter. But then we can imagine situation that the high-power radiation from the Sgr A*(Sagittarius A*), the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way can form that gamma-ray. The idea is that the extremely high-energy radiation comes from the black hole’s accretion disk, pushing electrons away from the atomic nucleus. When that radiation hits electrons. And free protons that form when hydrogen atoms release their electrons. 

Proton has two up and one down quark.  It is a possibility. The energy impulse can turn an up quark into a down quark. And if that happens in the proton, that baryon turns into a neutron. The neutron involves two down quarks and one up quark. The down quark is a higher-energy particle than the up quark. And neutron decay. It means that the down quark turns back into an up quark.  Also, a high-energy photon. It can cause a photo-nuclear reaction in an atom’s core. The photo-nuclear reaction forms in a situation. That atom transforms into a very high-excitation state. That state can cause a situation. The neutrons start to decay in the atom’s core. 

Those high-power radiation quanta can transform those protons. 

Another up quark. Into down quarks that transform those protons into neutrons. Because the energy level in the material disk around the Sgr A* changes. Those changes can cause decay in just-born neutrons. So that down quark transforms back to an up quark. And that reaction. It releases a W-boson and electrons. The decay produces one proton, two electrons, and one electron antineutrino. So, it's possible that the electron antineutrino hits the electron neutrino. And that should release some kind of radiation. But the radiation that comes from that acceleration disk pushes those electrons away. When those high-energy electrons are far enough from the Sgr A* they realease their extra energy as gamma-ray quanta. 

There are three possible sources. For those gamma-rays. 

1) Still hypothetical dark matter particles. 

2) Nautrons that can form in the high-energy radiation. Or the radiation from Sgr A* can destroy atom nucleus and release those neutrons. Then, neutron decay sends electrons. Or, one proton, two electrons. And one electron antineutrino. 

3) Electrons that high-energy radiation releases from their orbitals. When those electrons travel away from Sgr A*. And the energy transfer to those electrons ends. That thing makes them send gamma-rays. 

Some effects near supermassive black holes are not actually very exotic. Those things can happen more often than anywhere else. This means that the mysterious gamma rays can open the path. To find out the mystery of dark matter. The mystery is. Are dark matter particles? If they exist, a source for those gamma-ray bursts. There is a question. Does dark matter even have a particle form? And if those hypothetical particles are the source of those gamma-rays. 

That radiation. It can form when those particles impact. Or it can be the transformation radiation. That means the black hole radiation. It can transform particles into dark matter. The idea is that. The spin of the particle turns into 1 or higher. That thing means that the particle can turn invisible. As long as it binds energy inside it. So it's possible. That. The high-energy radiation. It can turn a particle invisible. And maybe that transformation. It can be seen as gamma-ray flashes. 

The thing. That dark matter causes a gravitational effect. It means that the dark matter should surround any black hole in the universe. Or actually, every gravity center will pack dark matter around it. But the problem is this. Nobody has seen dark matter yet. So, the dark matter halo. The matter. The matter that surrounds supermassive black holes should be large and dense enough. The astronomers could observe that strange matter. The dark matter could lens light. But that thing is very hard to separate from the gravitational lensing. 

The problem with that thing. It is the high-energy material disk around the black hole. The high-energy, extremely bright material disk. Covers the dark matter below it. In the same way, a traffic light can cover dust and snow below its brightness.  And maybe those very dense objects. They can deliver information about the strange gravitational effect. Known as dark matter. 

https://www.space.com/astronomy/dark-universe/a-mysterious-gamma-ray-stream-comes-from-the-milky-ways-center-could-dark-matter-have-something-to-do-with-it

https://www.space.com/astronomy/dark-universe/supermassive-black-holes-may-be-surrounded-by-dark-matter-clusters-new-echo-map-technique-suggests

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_neutron_decay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravastar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_emission

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

Primordial black holes, magnetic fields. And traveling black holes.

“Artist’s illustration of two black holes orbiting each other. Credit: Carl Knox, OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology. Scientists believe an unusual LIGO detection may be evidence of a primordial black hole, potentially linking these long-theorized objects to the mystery of dark matter.” (ScitechDaily, Mysterious Cosmic Signal Could Be First Real Evidence of Primordial Black Holes)

Dark Energy. Primordial black holes, magnetic fields. And traveling black holes. 

When two black holes collide. Their acceleration disks cross each other. That event causes a very high-energy gamma-ray burst. Same way. When the black hole material jets impact. That impact sends high-energy radiation. It is introduced that the dark energy source is in the black hole wind. High-energy particles that black holes accelerate. Impact outside galaxies. And those impacts. Causes very high energy radiation. The reason why we cannot see those impacts is that. 

The light in galaxies and quasars covers those short-term flashes below them. And that thing can mean. Dark energy is extremely short-term gamma-ray flashes outside galaxies and quasars. But that is one new model. This means that dark energy does not exist. As an independent energy form. That can be so weak gamma-rays that we simply cannot detect that radiation. Because of a supermassive black hole. And black holes in our own galaxy cover those short-term flashes under their gamma-ray shine. 

"A new analysis argues that the standard cosmological model may be fundamentally unstable, raising questions about whether dark energy is really needed to explain the universe’s accelerating expansion. Credit: SciTechDaily.com." (ScitechDaily, A Universe Without Dark Energy? Mathematicians Challenge Standard Cosmology)

In theories, at the beginning of the universe, black holes formed. Those black holes could form straight from the radiation. That means. Those primordial black holes can be the “Kugelblitz” black holes. But there is another thing. That could form those cosmic monsters. The whirl in some energy field, like a gravitational field. It can start to pack dark matter particles into one point. That means that. Dark matter particles can play a vital role in the formation of dark matter. 

The strange radiation.  It can be the first observation about the primordial black holes. Primordial black holes can be the first supermassive-scale black holes. And the thing that makes those monsters so large and powerful is the universe’s expansion. When the universe expands. The size of the acceleration disk grows. And its energy level decreases. When the universe’s energy level decreases. That means that. The force that presses against the acceleration disk decreases. And that causes the expansion of the accretion disk. Because the energy level in the acceleration disk is lower. That lets black holes’ event horizon expand. 

And the black hole requires a larger accretion disk. To stay in form. The acceleration disk is the thing. That keeps the black hole in the form. If that disk does not exist. The black hole starts to lose matter. And that makes the black hole evaporate in seconds. The acceleration disk is the thing. That denies a black hole. To send matter or energy out from it. A black hole exists as long as the accretion disk’s energy level is higher. Than the space inside the event horizon. When the space inside the event horizon turns higher than the environment. That makes the black hole evaporate. 

“Visualization of gas flows around a binary protostar system calculated by ATERUI III. The gas shown in red orbits around one of the two protostars. The gas shown in blue orbits around the combined binary system. The gas shown in green is being expelled from the system. And it is carrying away angular momentum. The present research shows that the magnetic field plays an important role in expelling gas and angular momentum. Credit: Matsumoto, Hotokezaka, Inayoshi 2026” (ScitechDaily, Magnetic Fields May Solve a Longstanding Binary Star Mystery)

The magnetic fields can bring black holes and newborn stars together. And maybe those fields tell more about the reason why binary stars are so common. In binary star systems, the other star replaces the planetary system. But there are observations that binary star systems involve planets. But it is possible that binary stars can capture rogue planets. That can orbit those stars or even black hole pairs from  long distances. 

Binary stars can be the first step to forming supermassive black holes. Supermassive black holes require enough material and energy. That they can form. The magnetic fields can also play a role in cases. Where black holes start to move. The magnetic field. Along with the gravity sling. It can put. Particles move extremely fast. 

The fastest known black hole wind travels across the universe with 30% of the speed of light.

But there is a possibility. That another black hole pushes the smaller black hole into motion. 

The effect that puts the supermassive object into motion can be another black hole. Or some kind of anomaly in the fields around it. The weaker point in the field can cause a situation. The black hole . It starts to travel in that direction. The hole can be any of the four fundamental forces: gravity or electromagnetism. 

“An artist’s impression of a quasar. The black dot in the center represents the supermassive black hole at the center of the quasar. The red-and-yellow spiral surrounding it shows the disc of hot gas falling into the black hole. Some of this gas is ejected as the quasar’s wind, which is shown in light blue. The size of the disc shown is comparable to the size of our Solar System. Credit: NASA/CXC/M. Weiss, Nahks Tr’Ehnl, Nurten Filiz Ak” (ScitechDaily,Record-Breaking Black Hole Wind Blasts Through Space at 30% the Speed of Light)

Or in the weak and strong nuclear force. The most logical guess is that the anomaly is the magnetic field. The hole in the magnetic field causes a situation. The magnetic field causes asymmetry in the black hole's halo or its accretion disk. If that acceleration disk separates from the black hole’s event horizon. Or it's pressure form against the event horizon changes. 

That thing can cause a situation. That black hole. It will start. To travel across the universe. Another reason for traveling black holes can be found. In the gravity slings. The gravity sling between a supermassive and stellar-mass black hole. When a supermassive black hole impacts a stellar mass black hole. That can cause a situation. The supermassive black hole slings its lighter companion through the universe. 

The gravitational sling was used. In the Voyager missions. The planets like Jupiter and Saturn. Gravitational fields. Accelerated those probes to such a high speed. That they can travel outside the solar system. If a stellar-mass black hole travels through the supermassive black hole’s gravitational field. That supermassive black hole can sling it through the universe with incredible speed. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-universe-without-dark-energy-mathematicians-challenge-standard-cosmology/

https://scitechdaily.com/magnetic-fields-may-solve-a-longstanding-binary-star-mystery/

https://scitechdaily.com/mysterious-cosmic-signal-could-be-first-real-evidence-of-primordial-black-holes/

https://scitechdaily.com/record-breaking-black-hole-wind-blasts-through-space-at-30-the-speed-of-light/

Cosmic collision. Turned the Magellanic Clouds into chaotic.

"The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is a nearby dwarf galaxy and one of the Milky Way’s closest companions. Rich in gas but relatively low in heavy elements, it provides astronomers with an important laboratory for studying how stars form and galaxies evolve. Credit: NASA, ESA, CXC, and the University of Potsdam, JPL-Caltech, and STSc." (ScitechDaily,A Cosmic Crash Turned This Nearby Galaxy Into Chaos)

“The Small Magellanic Cloud, or SMC, is one of the Milky Way’s nearest galactic neighbors. It is a small, gas-rich galaxy visible to the naked eye from the Southern Hemisphere, and it remains gravitationally linked to our galaxy along with its companion, the Large Magellanic Cloud, or LMC.” (ScitechDaily,A Cosmic Crash Turned This Nearby Galaxy Into Chaos)

“The SMC contains more mass in gas than in stars. Under normal conditions, gas cools and contracts due to gravity. It forms a rotating disk, similar to the process that created the flat, spinning structure of our solar system. However, earlier measurements using the Hubble Space Telescope and the European Space Agency’s Gaia satellite showed that the SMC’s stars are not moving in an orderly rotation around the galaxy’s center.”(ScitechDaily,A Cosmic Crash Turned This Nearby Galaxy Into Chaos)

“A study published in The Astrophysical Journal offers a possible answer. Researchers from the University of Arizona found that the SMC’s lack of stellar rotation likely stems from a direct collision with the LMC. This discovery also raises concerns about using the SMC as a model for understanding galaxy evolution over cosmic time.” (ScitechDaily,A Cosmic Crash Turned This Nearby Galaxy Into Chaos)

The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is a gas-rich dwarf galaxy located near the Milky Way. That galaxy is one of the closest galaxies around the Milky Way. That object is near another irregular dwarf galaxy: the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). The inconsistent form of those galaxies caused discussions. The reason for their interesting form was the collision between the SMC and LMC. 

This collision turned those galaxies. Into chaos. That chaos is interesting because that means those galaxies collided so close in the past that they had no time to reorder their structures. In the same way. When Andromeda hits the Milky Way. That causes chaos. When the Andromeda galaxy. Close.  Milky Way. First, it should travel past our galaxy. It starts to orbit the Milky Way following a spiral-shaped trajectory. 

That closing spiral trajectory causes the collision between the Andromeda Galaxy’s supermassive black hole. And the Sagittarius A, the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way. That collision happens in the distant future. The calculated time to that collision is 4-5 billion years. So, when that happens, the Sun is turned into a white dwarf. 

“The Magellanic Clouds (Magellanic system or Nubeculae Magellani) are two irregular dwarf galaxies in the southern celestial hemisphere. Orbiting the Milky Way galaxy, these satellite galaxies are members of the Local Group. Because both show signs of a bar structure, they are often reclassified as Magellanic spiral galaxies.” (Wikipedia, Magellanic Clouds)

The two galaxies are the following:

“Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), about 163 kly (50 kpc) away.”

“Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), about 206 kly (63 kpc) away.”

(Wikipedia, Magellanic Clouds)

“The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC)”. (Wikipedia, Magellanic Clouds)

“Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC)”. (Wikipedia, Magellanic Clouds)

“The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds”. (Wikipedia, Magellanic Clouds)

"Illustration of the SMC-LMC collision. Credit: Himansh Rathore, University of Arizona" (ScitechDaily, A Cosmic Crash Turned This Nearby Galaxy Into Chaos)

Previously, astronomers believed that those galaxies. They were old ones. The gas-rich structure of the SMC caused suspicions about the age of those galaxies. And modern observations. Tell that the cosmic collision turned those galaxies into chaos. Normal spiral and elliptical galaxies form around the mass center. Those mass centers are normally supermassive black holes. 

That thing turns the galaxy into a spiral structure around that supermassive center. The lack of a mass center turns galaxies into inconsistent. Or chaotic forms. Another thing that can turn a galaxy. Into chaos is the cosmic collision. The question is how that chaos affects the star formation in the galaxy? In modern models, stellar formation requires whirls in the material re. Those whirls start to form the denser points in gas and dust. 

Those material packs start to accumulate material around them. Do those whirls form stars? It depends on how long the material accumulation can keep its form. If some cosmic event, like a supernova explosion, happens too close, that thing can destroy the proto-star before anybody even knows its existence. Also, chaotic form. And crossing material flows can destroy those proto-stars. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-cosmic-crash-turned-this-nearby-galaxy-into-chaos/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda%E2%80%93Milky_Way_collision

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellanic_Clouds

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A

None of the black holes interacts alone.

“At the center of the Milky Way, something immense and invisible exerts a powerful gravitational grip. For decades, astronomers have assumed it was a supermassive black hole. But new research suggests a more unconventional possibility: a dense concentration of exotic dark matter that could unify the galaxy’s inner chaos and outer calm under a single framework. Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, The Center of Our Galaxy May Not Be a Black Hole)

None of the black holes interacts alone. This means that black holes are also part of their environment. And gravitation is not the only interaction with a black hole. 

Supermassive black hole in the center of our galaxy might not be a black hole. Or, otherwise, the supermassive black hole interaction with its environment is more complicated than anybody expected. The new study suggests that the main part of the supermassive object in the center of the Milky Way is composed of dark matter particles that are similar to fermions. Or maybe fermions like electrons are things that form the dark structure in the center of the Milky Way. 

Or, otherwise, we must realize that there is a black hole with dark matter particles orbiting. This means there is a black hole in the middle of the fast-orbiting electron or quark cloud. The spin of those particles would be awesome. So those particles would be more massive than particles outside that structure. And in that case reseachers must calculate what part of the gravitation formed the black hole, and what part of the gravitational effect is formed of those fermions or other dark matter particles. So, the center of the Milky Way is the combination of a black hole and particles that orbit this object. 

Another thing is that. Every other black hole has a dark matter halo. And a visible matter halo. In the case of a black hole, the key question is always this: which has the dominating effect: does the dominating effect come from the black hole or its halo? The only known fact is that none of the black holes interacts alone.  There is also a model of the center of the Milky Way. Involves structure. There is a group of black holes orbiting the supermassive gravity center. In some model. The massive pressure near the center of the Milky Way presses matter into a black hole, just before it falls into the middle of the Milky Way. 

The only thing that is sure. Is that. Dark matter and visible matter. Both can form a black hole.  If a black hole forms. In the dark matter bubble, or denser point of dark matter. That can cause a situation where the black hole turns more massive than it should. Gravitation is the only known interaction between dark and visible matter. 

“Some astronomers think the Milky Way’s center could be hiding something stranger than a supermassive black hole. In a new study, researchers argue that the object shaping the orbits of nearby stars might instead be an ultra-dense concentration of dark matter that creates nearly the same gravitational footprint as a black hole.” (ScitechDaily, The Center of Our Galaxy May Not Be a Black Hole)

“Their results, published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS), challenge the standard picture in which Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) is a supermassive black hole that dominates the region’s gravity. The best-known evidence for that black hole interpretation comes from the S-stars, a group of stars that loop around the center at velocities reaching several thousand kilometers per second.” (ScitechDaily, The Center of Our Galaxy May Not Be a Black Hole)

"Instead of relying on a black hole, the international research team proposes a different explanation. They argue that a particular variety of dark matter composed of fermions, which are light subatomic particles, could organize itself into a distinctive structure consistent with observations of the Milky Way’s core.” (ScitechDaily, The Center of Our Galaxy May Not Be a Black Hole)

The energy level of those particles is very high. So those particles are more massive than particles outside the halo. And that means that. The black hole and its halo. Are both. Interact with their environment. So in larger-scale structures, the Milky Way. Just like other galaxies interact as an entirety. There are all stars, back holes, dust, and other things. Forming the massive gravitational entirety. The black hole interaction. It is much more complicated than just gravity that pulls objects inside it. 

The black hole halo. And its relativistic jet transports energy. Also in the opposite direction. We see that energy. As gamma- and x-rays. When a black hole sends energy to the galaxy’s outer halo. That energy puts a halo to shine. There is also the impact of radiation and particles that surround the galaxy. This impact point is similar to the heliopause. There are particles from the sun. That impacts the particle flows from other stars. Similar standing wave surrounds. galaxies, and when a relativistic jet impacts that structure, this structure sends energy into the center of that bubble or halo. This energy. It has a role in energy. 

And matter flows in the galaxy. That energy reflection pushes particles and other objects back to the galaxy’s center. And this is one of the reasons why there is a glowing bubble in the center of the galaxy. Mainly, that glow forms when the relativistic jet travels through that point. But in the same way. Energy that reflects from the galactic halo. Has a role in that thing. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-center-of-our-galaxy-may-not-be-a-black-hole/

Black holes never shrink.

“When two black holes collide and merge, they release gravitational waves. These waves can be detected by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA detectors on Earth, allowing scientists to determine the mass and spin of the black holes. The clearest black hole merger signal yet, named GW250114, recorded by LIGO in January 2025, offers new insights into these mysterious cosmic giants. Credit: Maggie Chiang for Simons Foundation” (ScitechDaily, Hawking Was Right: New Data Confirms Black Holes Never Shrink)

A black hole loses its mass, not its size. 

Hawking was right. The merged black hole’s surface area is as large as the merged black hole's total surface area. That means back holes don’t shrink. So, black holes don’t shrink when they send gravitational waves. The reason for that is in the universe’s expansion. The quantum fields that press a black hole into its form turn weaker. So, if that model is true, the reason for gravitational waves is in the universe’s expansion. When quantum fields turn weaker, they allow a black hole to send gravitational waves. We can think of a black hole as an onion with multiple internal structures. 

Or, shells. And the most out of those shells is the event horizon. When the gravitational wave travels out from the black hole, it sends one of its shells outside the black hole. And then the inner shell takes that escaped shell’s position. So the black hole’s size will be the same, because the energy, or quantum field that presses the black hole in its form, turns weaker. This means black holes’ evaporation does not have an effect on the black hole’s size. When the quantum field around it turns weaker.

A black hole sends so much energy. It can keep its energy level relatively at the same level as it was when the black hole formed. But what does that mean? If the end of the universe is the so-called big rip or big freeze, that means that in the very end of the universe, black holes’ existence ends. They release information that they stored inside their event horizon. But if the end of the universe is the Big Crunch, that means that the black holes start to grow. The model goes like this. The expansion of the universe continues.

But because the universe turns colder, the energy level of visible and dark energy decreases. The universe also leaks. Energy and radiation will travel out from the universe faster than particles . This means that. Gravity starts to win. When the universe’s expansion ends, and it starts to fall, the energy level and density of its quantum fields start to rise. That effect starts to pack material. And energy to the black holes. This means the black holes can expand. Or their size will be the same.

But anyway. Black holes start to travel. To each other. And in the ultimate fate, all black holes that pulled all radiation into them fall into the same point. The reason why the large black hole exists longer than the small one is. Because its surface area is larger. The outside quantum fields can press that black hole from a larger area than a small black hole. The surface area of a large black hole is relatively smaller. Than small black holes. That means energy loss in large black holes is smaller than in small black holes. So, a small black hole is less energy efficient than a large black hole. This means that a large black hole can exist. In lower-density areas. Than the small ones. This model raises interesting questions. If the density of the quantum and plasma fields around the black hole turns higher. 

Does the black hole stop sending gravitational waves? This requires that quantum fields and particles fall into the black hole symmetrically. When a black hole sends its most out shell away, that pulls radiation longer. Or traveling shell wraps the quantum field shorter in front of the traveling shell. And then. The valley or traveling ditch. Travels behind that short wavelength structure. 

But if the material and energy density around a black hole suddenly rises, that thing can deny the escape of the outermost shell. This means that if a black hole suddenly impacts a nebula. Or energy density in the way. Those particles. And energy impacts symmetrically with it. So, if a black hole pulls a nebula or some quantum field around it in symmetrical form, that symmetrical energy load can push radiation back into the black hole. 

https://scitechdaily.com/hawking-was-right-new-data-confirms-black-holes-never-shrink/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-will-end-in-a-big-crunch-physicists-warns/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

When black holes merge. Can black holes explain dark energy?

When black holes merge. Can black holes explain dark energy? 

When we think about gravity. And black holes' movement when they merge. We can ask: can this effect explain dark energy? Or dark matter, or both of them. When black holes merge, they orbit each other before they collide. Gravity is the thing that causes curvature in space and time. That curvature means that the gravity field compresses other energy fields when it pulls them into a black hole. All black holes are surrounded by a transition, or material disk. Those material disks are the most high-energy objects in the universe. When black holes close. With each other. Those material disks start to repel each other. That energy pushes black holes a little bit out from their courses. 

So, gravitation wins, but before the merger, those black holes orbit each other, sending gravitational waves. But when we think about the material disks, particles that orbit the black hole and their event horizon, they transport energy out from that system. The black hole’s event horizon, the point where the escaping velocity reaches the speed of light, is the point where there is no turning back. But before the event horizon, particles can escape from that monster's gravitational field. Maybe. Dark energy forms when some very small black holes interact. 

A photon is a ring-shaped particle that forms around some center. There is a possibility that photons form around the small, quantum-sized black hole. This means dark energy can be some kind of interaction between photons. So. Can dark energy form when photons change their form from particle to wave movement? It’s possible that the photon releases some kind of energy impulse. 

The model goes like that. If there is an energy ring around all gravity centers that sends some radiation or wave movement. That means that energy, or some material rings, form an effect around gravitational and magnetic centers that pushes them away from each other. 

In some theories. Some kind of wormhole. It can bring high-energy particles from the past. If something can bring particles from the past through the shortcut from the past to the present or future. Or maybe. Those wormholes bring high-energy radiation from the past. The fact is that we have no visual observation of dark energy. There is something that forms wave movement that dominates the universe. There is a possibility that the dark energy is some kind of virtual effect. When a black hole’s relativistic jet hits particles, it can turn them to spin. The gamma-rays can turn some part of an atom’s nucleus, like quarks, to spin very fast. 

Theoretically is possible that the fast-spinning quarks can bind energy into it, and then conduct it out from its spin axle. And that could turn material dark. Or invisible if the observer is not looking at it straight from the quark’s spin axis. If that thing is really possible, that means the matter can turn into dark. Because those quarks bind all energy into them. And if matter can wobble between dark and visible states, transformation between those states requires energy. So if matter puts quarks to spin. That requires energy. And if particles slow their spin, that means those particles release energy. If that is really possible. That is the ultimate step in stealth technology. 

And in the most exotic models. Dark energy forms in particles of energy. Or quantum fields are spinning extremely fast. This extremely fast-spinning quantum field locks energy into a particle. Then, for some reason, the spin of that field slows, and that particle releases its extra energy to the environment. That means. Those fast-spinning quantum fields act like natural Tipler cylinders. The idea of the Tipler time machine. Or the Tipler cylinder is simple. Fast-spinning cylinders. Cause time dilation in objects and particles inside them. That means that those cylinders pump energy into those particles, and that slows their aging. So, time moves more slowly in those cylinders. 

The energy whirls and material disks can form the Tipler Cylinder around neutron stars and black holes. So, why doesn’t the fast-spinning quantum field make the same thing into particles? When that fast-spinning quantum field locks energy into a particle. That means time travels more slowly in that field. But if that spinning quantum field is gone, that means that the energy level in particles is higher than it should be. That particle releases more energy than it should. And that can be seen as dark energy. This is one theory that could explain the mystery. Called dark energy. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

The black holes’ sound proves one of Hawking's theorems.

"This artwork imagines the ultimate front-row seat for GW250114, a powerful collision between two black holes observed in gravitational waves by the US National Science Foundation LIGO. It depicts the view from one of the black holes as it spirals toward its cosmic partner. Credit: Aurore Simonnet (SSU/EdEon)/LVK/URI" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Finally Hear Black Holes Ring, Confirming Hawking’s Famous Prediction)

When a black hole merger happens. Those things are spinning around each other before they impact. The black hole rings like a bell. And that proves one of Hawking’s theorems. When black holes collide or merge, that event forms the new black hole. The new black hole is more massive than those black holes, but it's less massive than the total mass of the merged black holes. That thing means that during a merger, black holes lose energy as gravitational waves. And that is one of the most interesting things in the universe. When a gravitational wave travels through the universe, it acts like all other wave movements. If there is a gravitational object, or an object with mass, in the path of gravitational waves, that object distorts those gravitational waves, because all objects with mass send those waves. 

“By analyzing the frequencies of gravitational waves emitted by the merger, the LVK (LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, gravitational sensors) team was able to provide the best observational evidence captured to date for what is known as the black hole area theorem, an idea put forth by Stephen Hawking in 1971 that says the total surface areas of black holes cannot decrease. When black holes merge, their masses combine, increasing the surface area. But they also lose energy in the form of gravitational waves during the phenomenon. Additionally, the merger can cause the combined black hole to increase its spin, which leads to it having a smaller area. The black hole area theorem states that, despite these competing factors, the total surface area must grow in size.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Finally Hear Black Holes Ring, Confirming Hawking’s Famous Prediction)

That thing can help determine the source of dark energy. Dark energy means. Free energy that increases entropy, and increasing entropy. Increases the power that we see as the cosmic expansion. So, in the case of dark energy, we should ask, what releases that energy?

Or what puts energy into moving? There is a possibility that the soúrce of that energy is in some kind of cosmic voids. Those voids can be like holes. In some energy fields, they can accelerate and stretch wave movement. When wave movement falls in the cosmic void. It should stretch. Because the scattering effect and resisting fields turn weaker. When that wave movement impacts the opposite side in the cosmic void, that turns the wave movement shorter. And this is why the position. Where we are is important. 

If we are living in a cosmic bubble, that means the bubble distorts wave movement. That bubble or void also makes the particle’s evaporation faster than outside the bubble. Because the energy level in the bubble is lower than outside it, that means matter turns wave movement faster than outside it. 

There is a theory. That we are in a cosmic bubble. That bubble can have an effect. On the measurements. When we think about the black hole merger. Those events can form bubbles. In things like gravity fields. The model is based on the wave movement features. If the very thin but strong wave movement field travels across the field, where the wave movement’s wavelength is the same, the stronger field takes the lower energy field with it. When a black hole merger happens, those black holes release their energy in the form of gravitational waves. 

Those gravitational waves can form a bubble that pushes the gravitational field away from the merger. That kind of gravitational bubble can make the “empty” gravitational waves. When that bubble collapses. Gravitational wave impact in the middle of it. And that makes the event look like a vacuum bomb. The impacting wave movement that reflects from the middle of the collapsing bubble. Can put energy into moving. And maybe these kinds of bubbles can explain dark energy and gravitational waves. 

Gravitation affects the field that takes particles with it. That means when the field travels in the bubble. And reflect from inside, that thing makes those bubbles or voids act like particles. When a particle starts to spin with a very high speed, it collects energy into its whisk-shaped shell. That shell forms so-called superstrings. When a particle spins, it collects energy fields from around it. Or it transforms that field into kinetic energy. Those superstrings collect the field from around them. And some part of that field falls into the middle of the particle. And then that field or waves reflect from the center of that particle. 

https://nasaspacenews.com/2025/04/were-living-in-a-supernova-bubble-and-the-proof-is-beneath-our-feet/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-finally-hear-black-holes-ring-confirming-hawkings-famous-prediction/

https://scitechdaily.com/earth-could-be-in-a-massive-cosmic-bubble-thats-warping-the-universe-astrophysicists-reveal/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIGO

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KAGRA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_interferometer

Can dark matter transform planets or red dwarfs into a black hole?

   Can dark matter transform planets or red dwarfs into a black hole? 

"Black hole inside? Exoplanet observations could provide a new way to search for superheavy dark matter. (Courtesy: NASA/JPL-Caltech)" (Physics world, Exoplanets suffering from a plague of dark matter could turn into black holes)

Theoretically, any object in the universe can transform into a black hole. That means dark matter can form a black hole like visible matter. Dark matter can also play a role in cases where small red dwarfs or planets turn into black holes. There are no observations about those planetary-sized black holes. But they can exist. 

Theoretically, black holes' relativistic jets. Or supernova explosions can turn a planet’s atmosphere into super-high temperatures. And this can cause energy to flow into the planet’s or a small star’s core. And if the gravity field travels to the front of the shockwave, that can cause a situation where the object just vanishes. 

Dark matter that travels into the small object’s core can pull that core into form. There, the self-sustaining nuclear fusion can begin. The mass of the star should be high enough that the whirls and entropy cannot break the fusion core. If the star is too light and fusion starts, it blows the star’s shell out. And that pulls the fusion core larger, causing energy loss. 

If a star is too heavy, the fusion that starts in the middle of it can be too strong. And that blows the star’s shell outside. The loss of energy causes a different situation. Gravity pulls the shell back into its form. And then the star turns into a black hole, immediately when its fusion begins. In the cases of the heaviest nebulae, the nebula can fall straight into the black hole. 

When we think about the possibility that dark matter can transform a planet into a black hole, that can happen in two ways.

1) The dark matter can move into the planet’s core and pull it into a black hole. 

2) Dark matter can form a plague on the planet’s shell. In that case, dark matter annihilation, or other interactions, can form dark energy. That dark energy that travels into the planet’s core can cause an implosion, where a small reflecting wave can make a small vacuum in the planet’s core. The idea is that dark matter doesn’t let energy travel out from that object. That can cause the planet to fall into a form. That we call a black hole. 

When a star forms, the energy level in its shell must be higher than in the core. Then that outside energy pushes particles into the form that fusion can begin. If that fusion is too strong, it detonates the star. When fusion ignites, the star blows a little bit of its mass away, and that forms rings around stars. That forms the asteroid belts around our sun. And that flash can form the situation that some other stars around that star also ignite. 

New theory suggests that dark matter can transform planets into black holes. In the original text, only giant planets are mentioned. Maybe dark matter particles can also transform less massive objects into black holes. The idea is simple. Dark matter interacts with other dark matter particles or “units”. We don’t know what dark matter is, so we could use the word “unit” to describe the dark matter centers. In this text, 'dark matter particles' refers to the same concept as the 'dark matter units”. 

We must realize that the electromagnetic fields near the gravity center are weaker than the outer shell of that field. And that makes the energy travel into the gravity center, taking particles with it. So, the idea is that dark matter units or particles can make the group or cloud. If the massive dark matter cloud travels into the planet’s core, that thing can cause the planet to collapse into a black hole. Dark matter can be massive particles that can cause a situation where the planet falls into a black hole. 

But what is dark matter, or some kind of condensed material impacts things like red dwarfs? That kind of condensed material can pull lots of energy out from that star. There is a possibility that a red dwarf will follow the route of the dark matter beam that travels to the black hole. That dwarf star can collect the dark matter in its core. And that can cause a fall into the black hole. Another scenario can be that. 

Condensed material can pull lots of energy out from a red dwarf. That can cause a situation where the red dwarf turns into a very low-energy form. If the red dwarf loses its energy production and its core turns into a too-low-energy form, the red dwarf can fall like all other stars. But can its mass and energy turn that object into a black hole? In that case, the object cannot explode if the nuclear fusion doesn’t ignite during the fall. 

The idea is that the dark matter can increase the weight of the planet’s core. Then the energy increases the planet’s atmospheric energy level. The super-hot atmosphere put energy to travel into the middle of the planet. Another model is that a planet or a small star can lose its core’s energy level. And that makes energy and matter fall into the middle of the planet. In the same way, extreme conditions near the center of Milky Way-type galaxies can cause a situation where even red or brown dwarfs start to glow hotter than they should. In that model, the density of the dark energy can cause a situation where Dark energy can make small stars glow hotter than they should. 

Can dark matter be the thing that makes the smallest known M-type stars create self-sustaining nuclear fusion? 

The dark matter interaction can also explain. Why some of the smallest known red dwarfs can maintain nuclear fusion. The idea is that the small protostar can pull dark matter into its nucleus, and that thing pulls the nucleus. And starts the nuclear fusion. 

Conditions near the galaxy center or near black holes are extremely. When a planet or a red dwarf loses energy from their core and their atmosphere turns into very high energy, that thing can push those objects into black holes. We know that dark matter is not homogeneously spread throughout the universe. There are points where the dark matter forms denser structures than at other points. So if the planet or red dwarf travels into the dark matter cloud. It can start to pull dark matter into it. 

Dark matter behaves like regular material, and that means it positions itself into a planet’s core, or a red dwarf's core. That can cause a situation where that planet or a small star collapses into a black hole. The thing that can press even a small planet into a black hole can be a situation where a condensed photon beam takes all the energy from the planet’s core. Then the high-energy shell and atmosphere press the planet into the singularity. 

https://physicsworld.com/a/exoplanets-suffering-from-a-plague-of-dark-matter-could-turn-into-black-holes/

https://scitechdaily.com/can-dark-matter-turn-giant-planets-into-black-holes/

Black holes, fractals, and G-field interaction.

 Black holes, fractals, and G-field interaction. 

"Illustration of two novel theories exploring dark matter origins through a mirror world and early universe horizon." (Rude Baguette, “Dark Matter May Come From A Mirror World”: Bold Theories Suggest Hidden Twin Universe And Particle Factory At The Edge Of The Young Cosmos)

There is a possibility that some conditions in black holes are similar to those in a hypothetical anti-universe. That means black holes can be the source of dark matter. But if that is true. That model requires. There is a small anti-universe, or an anti-universe-like space, in every black hole. And if the only thing that differs between the anti-universe and our universe is the direction of time, that means there can be a small anti-universe in the black holes. Time travels in the opposite direction in black holes. So, maybe there are anti-universe-type conditions, and maybe. Some part of dark matter, or mysterious gravitational effects, forms in black holes. 

The new interesting theory about the origin of dark matter in the anti-universe requires more thinking. The thing is that the dark matter formed in the anti-universe is somehow utopian. However, theoretically, there could be anti-universes or structures that behave like an anti-universe within our universe. Those places are black holes. Behind the event horizon, time should move backward. And that thing can form a small-sized mini-universe in the black hole. 

The problem is how those weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, hypothetical dark matter particles, can escape from the black holes? The black hole vaporization can cause those particles to escape from the black hole. All black holes are losing mass. During that thing, the black hole sends gravitational waves. So, there is a possibility. The gravitational waves form when hypothetical gravitons are left outside the event horizon. When a black hole loses its mass. The event horizon withdraws, and that causes particles like gravitons to be left outside it. 

Another way to think about the black hole vaporization is to think of the black hole as a whirl. That while it always interacts with its environment, as all other whirls do. That whirl causes friction in the medium between the whirl's internal and outside structure. That means the contact between those whirls and the outside environment causes small whirls that steal energy from the higher energy space or field. 

Above: A Fractal can introduce a model of how a black hole, or the whirl in the Gravity, or G-field, creates other whirls around it. When it interacts with the outside G-field. 

The idea is that. The G-field makes a whirl when it impacts with another G-field that moves in another direction. In the same way, water forms whirls into the points where water flows in opposite directions. 

So, if we think that time is also like wave movement, the time that moves backward behind the event horizon can form a whirl in time or 4th. Dimension in the point where time moves forward and backward. And that point is the black hole event horizon. 

When escape velocity turns higher than the speed of light. That means time turns to travel backwards. 

At the point where escape velocity reaches the speed of light, time stops. And then the time starts to travel in the opposite direction when escape velocity turns higher than the speed of light. So, there should be some kind of whirl in time. 

And if we think that a black hole is like a time arrow that moves back in time, that means it should push particles around it forward in time faster than otherwise. That means if we use the time arrow model for that case, the particle near the black hole's event horizon should turn "very light" so that it can fall to the future. That means the time arrow, or the arrow of time, should push particles in the opposite direction when it travels through the spacetime. But that is only a philosophical expansion of that model. 

In the black hole case, the whirl is like in a G-field. That whirl interacts with the G-field that is outside that black hole or dense gravity, or the G-field whirl. When those environments touch each other, that forms a whirl. And that means the event horizon is full of whirls that are lying. The whirl's center is horizontal to the event horizon. And they can drive energy out from a black hole.

In some other models, the event horizon is a layer that seems to be full of photons. Those photons might make it seem like a ball, made of car tyres. That means the gravitons can escape from the middle of those photons. Or they can send gravitational waves to gravitons outside the event horizon. The event horizon can also send whirls inside the event horizon, and that forms entropy in the black hole. 

The idea is that the G-field is an independent energy field. That G-field forms from gravity waves. In black holes, the G-field has a higher energy level than the G-field outside the black hole. That means the G-field travels outside the black hole. The G-field is one of the fields of four fundamental forces. Those forces are gravity, weak, and strong nuclear interactions. And electromagnetism. 

Those fields are independently interacting substances. And that means G-field can rise to a very high energy level, and that doesn't mean that other fields must rise their energy level. But if the G-field is at a very high energy level. Or its density is so high that it can push other fields from around it. In the same way, if the G-field spins fast enough, that thing doesn't let other fields in it. 

The whirl interacts like a wheel that lets material and wave movement travel through the black hole. There could be a superstring or energy string that travels through the center of the whirl. But then. Those whirls are pumping energy out from the black hole. The black hole can also form whirls that can separate from the event horizon. Those whirls are like small kugelblitz-black holes. There is a possibility. Those whirls just explode immediately after they separate from the event horizon. 

https://www.rudebaguette.com/en/2025/08/dark-matter-may-come-from-a-mirror-world-bold-theories-suggest-hidden-twin-universe-and-particle-factory-at-the-edge-of-the-young-cosmos/

https://scitechdaily.com/two-wild-new-theories-could-finally-explain-dark-matter/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle