What does space-time mean?

“A bold challenge to the 'block universe' suggests our understanding of space-time—and reality itself—may be far less settled than it seems. Credit: AI/ScienceDaily.com” (ScienceDaily) 

Space-time refers to the combination of space and time. This means that matter and time. Are in interaction. Time is connected with matter. And matter connected with time. But then we must realize one thing: why space-time? Or spacetime, is so hard to determine. The reason for that is simple. We don’t know about the nature of time. We can say that the expansion of the universe is the thing. That puts energy into the move. When the universe expands. There is less energy left. And that means that energy flows away from matter. This means that sooner or later. 

All particles should turn. Into a wave movement. This means that time is at least energy. Or it's the energy and particle interaction. Schwinger effect. Or wave-particle duality means that. Energy. It can turn into a particle. And otherwise, a particle can turn into energy. This is one of the determinants for the time. But then we can see that time moves differently at different points in the universe. Gravitation slows time. And the reason for that is theoretically very simple. The gravitational center packs quantum fields more densely around it. That slows the matter evaporation. 

This is one version of the thing. That could determine time. Then we must realize that time should travel differently in particles of matter. When we think about time, we face one interesting detail. We should also ask how time moves in protons, neutrons, or quarks. The Tipler cylinder is the theoretical time machine. The idea of that thing. It is that a fast-spinning cylinder slows time inside it. The idea of the Tipler cylinder. It is possible to transfer. Into the particles. 

Fermionic particles themselves have spin 1/2. This means that the fermions wobble back and forth. In antimatter, spin is opposite. And the question is, what actually determines which is an antifermion and which is a fermion? Fermions are the elementary particles that form matter. The electron has a negative electric charge. And its mirror particle, the positron, has a positive electric charge. Also, quarks have their anti-quark pairs. 

Particles. They are not just particles. They are particles, and all particles are surrounded by halos. That halo is the quantum field. So all particles are in the spinning whirl. This whirl pushes the particle to spin forward. Then suddenly that field loses its touch. And then the particle returns to the position. There it was. A particle is a whisk-shaped structure. The superstring that forms the ball.  The quantum field or that whirl touches the particle. In the points of those superstrings. When that field pushes a particle forward, it injects energy into it. 

When the energy level of a particle turns higher than the energy level of its halo. The halo jumps away from that particle. And then the elementary particle turns back. Into its original position. The expansion of the universe causes a situation. That energy level around the particle-halo combination turns lower. And that means that energy travels away from that halo. When that halo transports its energy. Into its environment, that halo also expands. And that is one of the reasons. For why supermassive black holes are so large. At the beginning of the universe. Those black holes were normal-sized. But when quantum fields in the universe turned weaker. They expanded to an incredible size. 

So when particle and antiparticle pairs impact. That impact neutralizes their halos. And that means that particles release energy. That is stored in their superstrings. So, that reaction turns those particles into a wave movement in a reaction called annihilation. 

When a particle changes its direction, it releases a photon. That is because it must release kinetic energy. That is stored in it while it spins. Before a particle can change its direction, it must stop. And in that process, it must release its kinetic energy. When a particle releases its kinetic energy, it releases something from itself. It loses a little. A bit of its mass. An elementary particle is formed from energy. And that means that little bit of energy that formed the particle is gone. 

When it releases that photon. When we think about cases. That particle has a lower energy level than the surrounding ones. That means that the particle receives energy. And before the particle changes its spin direction. It will not send photons. When a particle slows its spin. It starts to release its kinetic energy as wave motion. And finally, that wave motion turns into photons. If a particle just receives energy. It turns invisible. This causes an idea. Whether the black hole is a particle or an object. 

That spin is more than 1 (>1). In that case, the particle pulls energy inside it. Until its energy level is higher than the energy level in its halo. If a particle or object focuses energy inside it. That energy behaves like a laser. This means that the energy forms the spike. Or the beam. That can travel out from that object. This means that this effect acts like a giant thermal pump. That transports energy out from objects like a black hole. So why? The black hole's gravitational field is so strong. The reason for that is that. The black hole is very close to the homogeneous particle. This means that the entropy inside it is very low. Also, in normal particles and objects, there are energy spikes in the particle’s spin axis. 

But the difference is that. Those particles are turning in different directions. And those energy spikes are random. But in the cases of neutron stars. Every single neutron is in the N/S position. This decreases entropy. That means that those “thermal pumps” travel through all neutrons. And in the middle of the neutron star. That beam transports energy out from the structure with the highest power. The neutron’s shells create structures. That takes energy into them. 

But what if those objects have no internal structures? In black holes, there is no internal structure. Energy travels straight into the spin axle. And there it forms the beam that transmits energy to the black hole’s core. This effect causes an extremely powerful energy transfer. To the center of the black hole. If a black hole cannot release its energy, its mass increases. That makes time travel backward in black holes. The black hole’s event horizons will expand. The expansion of the black hole’s event horizon is an interaction. The expansion of the universe causes. The quantum fields around the black holes turn weaker. That means that the black hole’s halos expand. And that is one of the reasons. For why those supermassive black holes are so large. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260606075858.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_block_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

Cannibal star can be the reason for one of the universe's mysteries.

“Scientists have linked a mysterious class of repeating cosmic signals to a white dwarf star stealing material from a neighboring star. The breakthrough not only solves a long-standing astronomical puzzle but also provides a powerful new tool for understanding similar signals across the galaxy. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

“A star caught feeding on its companion has finally revealed the source of some of the galaxy’s most mysterious repeating signals.”(ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

An international research team led by scientists at the University of Sydney has uncovered the strongest evidence yet explaining the origin of a puzzling type of cosmic signal. Their work has also revealed a rare stellar system that offers a unique opportunity to study some of the most extreme conditions in the universe.

Cannibal stars are stars that pull matter from their companion. They can be normal stars, or white dwarfs, magnetars, neutron stars, or black holes. When the plasma bridge travels through the plasma layer. That forms radio waves. X-rays and gamma rays. Depending on the companion. The X-ray bursts from Cygnus X-1 uncovered the black hole in that system. Pulsars sometimes get their energy from matter. 

That they pull out from other stars. And those events. They can be behind many repeating long-term radio transmissions. When a neutron star or black hole captures another star. That thing forms a situation. That the matter starts to flow to the gravity center. Cases like Sirius B. That is a white dwarf that orbits Sirius. The bright spectral class A star. There are discussions about the formation of Sirius B. Sometimes, astronomers say that at the beginning. The Sirius B was about 5 times heavier than the Sun. 

But then Sirius A stole lots of matter. And that means that the Sirius B blew 4/5 of its mass into space or Sirius A. Today, Sirius B is about a solar-mass white dwarf. The size of that extremely dense object is about the same as Earth. The Sirius A age is about 225-250 million years. The age of Sirius B is about 228 million years. 

“Accreting white dwarf illustration. Credit: Carl Knox (OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology) and Joshua Preston Pritchard (CSIRO)” (ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

“CSIRO ’s ASKAP radio telescope on Wajarri Yamaji Country. Credit: Alex Cherney.” (ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

“The ASKAP radio telescope at Inyarrimanha Ilgari Bundara, the CSIRO Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory on Wajarri Yamaji Country in Western Australia. Credit: Alex Cherney/CSIRO” (ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

But some people say. That Sirius B is too light. And Sirius A is too young to have formed in the same nebula. It’s possible that Sirius B lost lots of matter. But the mass of Sirius A is about 2 times that of the Sun. So, in calculations, about 3/5 of the Sirius B mass “vanished” into space. When that star detonated in a nova eruption. 

Or it should lose too much mass. They say that maybe Sirius A. A two-times as massive a star as the Sun. Captured that small white dwarf. They explain their opinion that Sirius B should turn into a black hole. Or a neutron star. And heavy elements on the surface of Sirius B. 

They are from the nebula around Sirius A. Or in some other model. The Sirius B detonated as a nova. And that nova put the Sirius A  into form. But those things are speculative. The only fact is that. There must be asteroids in the Sirius system. And sometimes some asteroids must hit the surface of Sirius B. 

The bright star can hide its companion. But when the companion star travels through a massive plasma eruption. That can cause a situation. There, the eruption launches the radio signals. If that plasma hits the dwarf star’s surface,   

But the universe is full of binary stars. There, the dwarf stars orbit. The red giants or some so-called main-sequence stars. In the cases that. Some dwarf stars orbit things like Wolf-Rayet stars. The dwarf can travel through the material eruptions of those stars. That can cause unexpected radio impulses. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-cannibal-star-finally-solves-one-of-astronomys-biggest-mysteries/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius

String theory and quantum gravity are new challenges for physics.

“Artwork illustrating how string theory emerges from a few simple mathematical assumptions about particle collisions. Credit: AI-generated art by Clifford Cheung.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Found String Theory Without Even Looking for It)

How to combine quantum gravity with large-scale gravity? 

String theory explains matter as the oscillating strings. Those strings can rotate, and that explains phenomena like quantum gravity. This means that. At least some part. Quantum gravity could form when photons. The ring-shaped strings. Changing their form. When a superstring moves. There forms the small quanutum low-energy vacuum behind it. The other part of the quantum field tries to fill that point. And then two quantum waves impact. 

That causes reflection in that field. That reflection is very weak. But there are lots of superstrings in the universe. And that is one explanation for dark matter. And that could explain dark energy. As well. The model is that dark energy could form when cosmic micro- or quantum-sized vacuums collapse. When that collapse happens. The effect is the same as in vacuum bombs. Those falling vacuums collect quantum fields or energy. 

In the middle of them. Those vacuums can also act like particles. The thing that causes the destruction or collapse in those microvacuums is the expansion of the universe. The expansion opens the superstring structure that forms. Inside them. That causes a situation where the quantum field travels in that vacuum. That causes an energy impulse to this structure. 

In some other models, the dark energy forms when gravitation puts quantum fields into motion. That causes the effect. It puts. Particles and quantum fields around them to glow. 

That model explains why we cannot see dark matter particles. So, dark matter is in this model. A very large-scale quantum gravitation effect. That forms between particles. In this text, the “particle” means the gravitational center. 

Quantum gravity forms when a spinning string pulls a quantum field or smaller strings around it. The problem is this: reseachers have problems fitting quantum gravity with large-scale or normal gravity. It’s possible that there are two versions of gravity. The short- and long-distance gravitation. Quantum gravity means. Gravitational effect between single particles. 

Wikipedia describes that thing like this: 

“Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks unification of the theory of gravity with the principles of quantum mechanics. It deals with environments in which neither gravitational nor quantum effects can be ignored, such as in the vicinity of black holes or similar compact astrophysical objects, as well as in the early stages of the universe, moments after the Big Bang.” (Wikipedia, Quantum gravity)

Quantum gravity is one part of cGh physics. 

“cGh physics refers to the historical attempts in physics to unify relativity, gravitation, and quantum mechanics, in particular following the ideas of Matvei Petrovich Bronstein and George Gamow. The letters are the standard symbols for the speed of light (c), the gravitational constant (G), and the Planck constant (h).” (Wikipedia, cGh physics)

That is the key problem with the Grand Unified Theory, GUT. And the Theory of Everything, TOE. There are models that suggest gravity, or quantum gravity, is not a single phenomenon. The idea is that.

 

“Diagram showing where quantum gravity sits in the near-cube hierarchy of physics theories. Note that electromagnetism and quantum field theory in curved spacetime are added in as an extra and distinct item.” (Wikipedia, cGh physics)

Maybe. Some part of gravity. Or. Gravitation. Forms. When a spinning particle forms a quantum spike. The spin of particles is often 1/2. That means the particle wobbles back and forth. But then. We must realize that a particle is surrounded by its quantum field. That field. 

Or, the halo of the particle has spin 1. So the halo around the particle travels around it. And if the shape of the particle is like a whisk. That causes a situation. There is a hole between the particle and the field. That hole pulls  photons away from the particle. The quantum spike forms from that quantum field. And we can call that thing the quantum tornado. 

That quantum spike that is similar to the whirl that forms at some planets' poles pushes against other matter. This spike pulls particles and strings away from its route. If that spike hits the lower energy matter, energy starts to flow from the particle to the lower energy matter. That forms energy asymmetry. 

That energy asymmetry causes a situation in which the particle loses energy from its other side. Then the energy from its other side tries to fill this hole. That forms an energy flow to the lower energy object. And that energy flow drives the particle. To the lower energy object. This means that the field. Or quantum wind pushes particles all the time. Together. This means that this model forms interaction only in short distances. But those strings can also pull energy out from the other quantum fields. 

This kind of large-scale quantum effect can be measured only around objects like black holes. The idea is that. When a quantum spike travels through matter, it acts like a thermal pump. That thermal pump cools the particle. And that causes a situation. Outside, quantum fields are traveling to that particle. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-found-string-theory-without-even-looking-for-it/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGh_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_everything

Researchers might have found a dark matter fingerprint from a black hole collision.

"Gravitational waves from colliding black holes may hold subtle clues about one of the universe’s greatest mysteries: dark matter. A new study proposes a way to search for these hidden signatures by analyzing how black holes behave when surrounded by dense clouds of exotic matter. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Scientists May Have Found Dark Matter’s Fingerprint in a Black Hole Collision)

Researchers might find. The mark of dark matter from the black hole collision. The black hole collisions are the most violent events in the universe. They find incredibly strong shockwaves. Those shockwaves form when the black hole's halos impact. The gravitational fields also send very strong gravitational waves. Those shockwaves press the quantum fields into extremely high-energy and dense form. 

Researchers hoped that those shockwaves could press the dark matter into such a dense form that they could measure it or its effect on gravitational fields. The packed dark matter can cause interference in gravitational waves. In some models, a gravitational wave is actually an energy wave that travels between dark matter particles. 

"A new model developed by physicists at MIT and elsewhere predicts how gravitational waves (blue and red waves) can carry imprints of any dark matter (light purple) that two merging black holes happen to spiral through. Credit: Courtesy of Josu Aurrekoetxea, et al" (ScitechDaily, Scientists May Have Found Dark Matter’s Fingerprint in a Black Hole Collision)

In those simulations reseachers try to find out whether it is possible that gravitational waves can cancel each other out. Another thing that can make this effect interesting is. If some other wave. Could fill the energy ditch. That makes gravitation so different. If those energy ditches are filled, the gravitation will turn opposite. The idea is that a gravitational wave is the energy wave that travels between tw ditches. That means in normal cases, those ditches pull more energy out from the particle than the wave can give. So, if those energy ditches are filled. That means that. Without those lower energy lines, gravity cannot pull objects. Into the gravity center. 

But if a gravitational wave is an energy wave that travels between dark matter particles… 

The idea of this model. It is simple. The dark matter forms of quantum dots. Those quantum dots. They can be real particles. Or they can be exciton-style quasiparticles that form around a spinning string-shaped structure. This means that. The dark matter could be the cloud of quantum dots. Each of those quantum dots will act as an individual gravitational center. Those quantum dots can be some kind of whirls in the gravitational field. 

The gravitational wave is, in this case. The energy wave that travels between those quantum dots. Those quantum dots will send energy waves between each other. When a higher energy quantum dot, or dark matter particle, sends an energy wave. It puts other quantum dot resonate. And if that radiation, or wave movement, has a very short wavelength, it pulls energy out from other particles. 

And when energy travels out from a particle, the other energy tries to fill that hole. This could explain why gravitation is so different. In some other models. The gravitation forms when the energy impulse separates from the particle. That leaves a small. Lower energy area between the wave and particle. If we think that a gravitational wave acts like all other waves. There is a smaller energy ditch forward of the energy wave. If that wave turns lower than the energy ditch. That explains why a gravitational wave pulls particles to the gravitational center. The reason why the energy ditch turns deeper. If we compare it with the energy hill. Is the expansion of the universe. 

Because the energy level in the universe turns lower. That means. That energy wave that the particle sends turns weaker. If we think about what makes those gravitational waves as a thing. That. Only pulls particles into the gravity center. The thing that is required is that the wave that travels between energy ditches cannot replace the energy that those ditches “steal” from the particle. 

But all waves form in the movement of the particles. And maybe dark matter is the particles that form gravity waves.

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-may-have-found-dark-matters-fingerprint-in-a-black-hole-collision/

Did time move more slowly just after the Big Bang?

The answer is one of the greatest paradoxes in history. The paradox is that. There was nothing there for us to compile this thing. Time moves fast or slow, only if we observe it from outside. This means that we can use the quantum model to explain that thing. If we are in the middle of the system, we cannot see it as an entirety. So if somebody asks,  how long was the second just after the Big Bang? The right answer is “second”. Time, or evaporation, was slower in the young universe. But in that case, we will compare it with the modern universe. But does that have any effect on the universe? Researching time is difficult from inside the universe. 

Reseachers found the most massive black holes in the universe. The hyper- or ultramassive black hole pair in the galaxy Abell 402-BCG. The mass of those bohemoths is about 60 billion suns. And they are on a trajectory that leads those black holes together. And that forms the unbelievable-size behemoth. The distance to that galaxy is 4,4 billion light-years. These kinds of objects are tools that can tell about the time. Those black holes pack matter and quantum fields around them. From such a large area that we can observe it. 

And then we must ask one question? Could there be time without dark matter or superstrings? The idea is that. The gravitational effect that we know as dark matter. It can make energy on the move. Dark matter is whirls in quantum fields. Without depending. Whether that thing has a particle form or not. That thing forms a situation where energy moves. And if we lose all energy, everything disappears. Outside energy is the thing. That pushes particles into their forms. 

The ultimate fate of the universe. It can form multiple smaller universes. 

So this causes an interesting idea. Of the ultimate fate of the universe. When the last black holes pull. The last matter and quantum fields inside it. This means that when that matter ends. Those black holes will explode. And maybe the universe starts to form again. This model is suitable for the form. That we know as “Big Silence”. 

This model is a hybrid between a “Big Crunch” and “Big Rip”. The Big Crunch means. The universe falls. Because of its own gravity. And Big Rip means that the expansion of the universe continues forever. In this third model, the black holes form the quantum dots into the entirety. And part of the universe condenses into those bohemoths. Then energy and matter end. And those black holes start to explode. If that is right, the universe forms the group of “baby universes”. 

Superstrings can play a big role in keeping energy in motion. 

There are two versions of the origin of the superstring. The cosmic tornado forms the matter. Theoretical model of the matter form. When those superstrings form the quarks. There are two models. One is that in the middle of a photon is a quantum-sized black hole. Or in another model, the photon focuses energy. Into the middle of it. 

When a photon spins around its horizontal axis. That forms a situation where the energy spark starts to spin. That forms the quantum tornado. This thing puts energy into motion. So what happens if those things don’t exist? The answer is that there is no energy movement. 

Or quantum-scale energy motion is far slower. That energy puts particles to shine. But if energy doesn’t move? That causes extremely fast energy escape from particles. There is a small paradox. That paradox is simple. If energy doesn’t move, it cannot escape from particles. So in that case. Everything just vanishes. Without energy, not even a photon can move. This is why gravity is very important. It puts energy into moving. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/did-time-move-slower-right-after-the-big-bang/

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/largest-pair-black-holes-collision

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Rip

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

The binary star accelerates gamma-rays with a power of over 100 TeV.

“For years, scientists have searched for the sources of the most energetic particles in our galaxy, cosmic rays that carry energies far beyond what human-made accelerators can achieve.”(IE)

“Now, observations from the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) have revealed a binary star system pushing particles past a critical energy barrier. The system, LS I +61° 303, has been found emitting gamma rays above 100 tera–electron volts (TeV)—firmly placing it in the category of ultra-high-energy sources”. (IE)

Reseachers make observations about the gamma-rays by using secondary particles for that thing. Searching for and detecting gamma-rays. Straight is a very long-term process. But. The system can search for secondary particles that form when high-energy gamma rays. Hit the atmosphere. 

This kind of energy level is quite normal for supernovas and black holes. But the binary star that forms this energy level radiation is not normal. Maybe the binary star can accelerate particles. Into the very high speeds. Because the poles of the stars are in series. This means that the south pole of the other participant of this binary star system could be against the other star’s north pole. 

This means that the poles of the stars are. Like this: South-North. South-North (-+)(-+), and that causes a very high acceleration to particles. The primary question is, where exactly is the point? Where those gamma-rays form. 

And that causes very high acceleration to the particles that travel between those poles. The protons that come from another star’s north pole hit the other star’s south pole, and that causes very strong gamma-ray emission. Another version could be that the series of the poles of those stars sends particles at a very high speed to the material. That is around the binary star system. In both cases, the power of those gamma-rays is very high. Also, photons that the system forms accelerate those particles. When particles like protons and electrons hit each other. That thing sends photons. Those photons accelerate electrons. 

One of the reasons why. Those protons. Can reach. A higher energy level than in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is simple. The LHC. That accelerates protons to a level 6,5 TeV. But this binary star. Can raise their energy level to 100 TeV. Is simple. The LHC accelerates protons only by using magnetic fields. The binary star also sends IR and other EM radiation into those particles. This raises their energy level. Into an extremely high level. 

There is a possibility that this kind of phenomenon can be harnessed into fusion systems on Earth.

The system generates two plasma balls. Those plasma ball poles. They  are in a position. That is similar to that binary star. Then the system shoots the particle beam over those plasma balls. Maybe those plasma points can be made using the crossing plasma beams in two Tokamak Reactors. That thing can raise the energy level of those particle beams to levels that they cannot reach otherwise. 

https://interestingengineering.com/space/100-tev-gamma-rays

Why are most distant galaxies distancing so fast?

“Standard candles (left) and standard rulers (right) are two different techniques astronomers used to measure the expansion of space at various times/distances in the past. Based on how quantities like luminosity or angular size/diameter change with distance, we can infer the expansion history of the Universe. Standard candles involve looking at objects whose intrinsic brightness is known at all cosmic distances, while standard rulers involve looking at features such as the physical size of a known object or the average separation distance between any two galaxies (imprinted from baryon acoustic oscillations during the early stages of the Big Bang) that evolve as the Universe expands.” (Big Think, Ask Ethan: How can ultra-distant galaxies move so fast?)

Here, we must realize one thing. We don’t know the luminosity of the most distant objects. There can be dark nebulae between Earth and those objects. Another thing is that. There are two directions in which those objects move. The horizontal and vertical. The vertical movement is the movement away from our galaxy. And the horizontal movement is the movement to the side from the original direction of our galaxy. 

This means that if we were to find a galaxy. That is the opposite of our galaxy, and both galaxies orbit the center in the same direction. That means we would not see horizontal movement at all. But the vertical distancing, the redshift of that galaxy, will be incredible. The redshift measures the vertical movement. Spectral lines in that distant galaxy turn red. The horizontal movement is measured by using different methods. 

If this galaxy is found. That could bring us closer to proving the existence of dark flow. If dark flow exists. And galaxies orbit the same point. That tells us. The universe has a mass center. Or. There is a point that puts the entire universe in orbit around it. 

The answer is in the position of the observer. The phenomenon is opposite to the case where two cars collide at a speed of 50 km/h. This means that. When car 1 has a speed of 50 km/h. And a car 2 also has a speed of 50 km/h, the impact speed. It is 50 km/h + 50 km/h. And. That is 100 km/h. So, the effect is similar to that of a car impacting a standing wall at a speed of 100 km/h. Same way. If two cars are distancing themselves. 

To the opposite direction. And both of them have a speed of 50 km/h, the distancing speed is also 100 km/h. This is one of the things that we can just say. That everything is relative. When two electrons collide in the particle accelerators at a speed of 80% of the speed of light. That means their impact speed is 160% of the speed of light. Those particles will not cross the speed of light. But their mutual speed is higher. 

The mutual speed of two objects can be different from the speed of each of the objects. In the same way, when two photons travel in opposite directions. Their mutual speed. It is. Two times faster. Than the speed of light. 

Then to galaxies. Measurements of the distancing speed of galaxies. It is measured by using the Doppler effect. This means that the wavelength of the radiation becomes longer. Then two objects are distancing. This means that spectral lines travel to the red. And when another object gets closer to us, that turns the wave movement shorter. 

This is the effect, called blueshift. But. We must realize that gravitation pulls that radiation longer. And this means that. Near black holes, all objects seem slower. Than they really are. So galaxies cause an effect on the object that comes closer, seeming to be slower than they really are. And objects that travel away seem to be distancing faster than they really do. We can call it an effect. There gravity stretches light.  As a virtual redshift. 

 But then. If. We are looking. At the most distant galaxies that are on the opposite side of the universe. We must realize that the speed always behaves the same way. When two galaxies are moving away from each other. Their distancing speed behaves like the distancing speed between two cars. The speed at which the systems measure. It is the speed of galaxy 1 + the speed of galaxy 2. 

But then another thing is this. Gravitation stretches light. This means that every gravitational center. Seems to be in longer distances than they really are. Gravitation stretches light on both sides of the measurement line. The galaxy that sends light pulls that light back. That causes a virtual redshift that is stronger than the real redshift.

When that light travels to the Milky Way, the gravity of our galaxy pulls the wave movement from the front. And that means that. Also, our galaxy has the effect of that redshift. In the cases of galaxies. The gravity stretches light so strongly that it has an effect on redshift. If we think that the effect of the gravitational redshift is very small in the case of light-years. 

But in the long distances. Like distances of megaparsecs, even small errors. Turn bigger. One parsec is 3,26 ly and a megaparsec is a million parsecs. 

In the same way as in the cases. That measurement tool makes a 1 mm error. In the 100m distances. That error might not seem big. But. When we try to measure distances. Like Earth's distance to Jupiter. Those errors turn into an enormous scale. 

⁠https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/how-galaxies-move-fast/⁠⁠

⁠https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_flow⁠⁠

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

⁠https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec⁠⁠