The size matters in cosmological models.

“Two images from the Quijote simulations used in this study. The panels show the same region of the Universe, but in different cosmological models. The top image corresponds. To the standard ΛCDM, adiabatic cold dark matter model, while the bottom image shows a universe with massive neutrinos and modified gravity. “(ScitechDaily, AI Learned the Rules of the Universe and That Became a Problem)

The differences are subtle, but they reveal how changes in the underlying physics can affect the formation and distribution of cosmic structures. Credit: Francisco Villaescusa-Navarro (ScitechDaily, AI Learned the Rules of the Universe and That Became a Problem)

The term ACDM can also mean : the associated critical data model. That is the critical tool, when the sensor. It transmits information to the AI. 

AI can help cosmologists, but it can also become a problem. 

The method researchers call transferable learning can help them develop new models in cosmology and many other things. The term transferable learning. Means when the system learns something. It can apply. That learned thing. To other similar cases. So, when AI sees similar curves in some other cases. It can use things that it has already learned. To that other problem. This means that. The researchers must not always. Begin the training process. From the beginning. 

The AI can search for similarities for the new thing in its memory. And if there is a match. That thing means that the AI. It can use that model for reaction. This should make AI more effective. The problem is this. The AI selects its sources using statistics. And that can make it hard to bring new data for the AI. Old research. They are very often-used sources. If somewhere is the new data. Before, nobody used the new data as a source. Old data dominates search engines. The AI is an excellent tool. When it must collect and analyse data from the galaxy movements. 

But in cases like supermassive neutrons, the AI is in trouble. The AI is the best in business. When it must analyze precise information. Things like galaxy clusters and their movements are precise information. But in cases like supermassive neutrinos. The AI is not very good. At things where it must create models for new physics. When AI must observe phenomena. It can interpret them as the same. Even if they are different. Or in the cases. 

There are some observations. Objects’ temperatures change. The AI might not know that the object’s temperature can change virtually. Because if something travels between the telescope and the object. That means. that the brightness or temperature. That reaches the observer changes. The AI might not notice things like clouds. In the Earth's atmosphere. Or other surprises when it observes some targets like Cepheid variables. If the system doesn’t know about that thing. It can recognize the Cepheid variable as a new star. If it doesn’t know that the star is a Cepheid. 

When AI tries to analyze a certain point. That thing is very hard to do. But when AI must analyze. A very large entirety. The AI becomes more effective. The AI sees things. Like movements of galaxy clusters. And it can make. An analysis of the changes in those movements. We can use fuzzy logic to analyze how the star clusters move in the galaxy. But then we face a problem. If we try to predict. The movement of the galaxy. In its supercluster. That is hard. 

We must know the entire system to make. A complete analysis with high precision. 

The problem is in perspective. The thing that seems large on Earth. Seems very small in the scale of the Sun. And the sun seems very small in the scale of the galaxy. When the scale of the system turns bigger. The forces in the system are also stronger. In big systems. The phenomenon scale is larger. But they affect more slowly. From our perspective. The forces that travel between galaxies take millions of years to reach other galaxies. The distance between the Andromeda galaxy and the Milky Way. It is 2.6 million ly. So light travels 2,6 million years from that galaxy to the Milky Way. And that means that any force traveling between those galaxies needs 2,6 million years for that trip. 

When we try to create a model. Of how one small sand bite behaves in a river. We must know many things. Like changes in the forces that affect the sand bite. But if we want to predict how the sand bottom behaves in the river. We can make that calculation very easily. When we think about galaxies. Stars are like sand bites on the bottom. 

One star’s behavior is hard to predict. But the entirety is quite easy to  calculate. And then we can go to bigger systems. In galactic superclusters, the galaxy is like sandbite on the bottom of the river. The force that affects the entire galaxy. Must be much harder than the force that affects sandbite. But millions of galaxies. They send. A very much. Energy. Many sudden things can happen in the galactic superclusters. Those events might not. Seem.

Like a very sudden thing. But an eruption in the core of the galaxy can start in milliseconds. Shockwave travels across the galaxy at the speed of light. So, if the star is at a distance. Of two light-years from the eruption source. The shockwave of radiation. It travels to that star. So, if Sagittarius A erupts violently in the core of our galaxy, the Milky Way. The radiation travels to Earth 26.000 years. The distance between Earth and that supermassive black hole. It’s 26.000 ly. The material, or plasma shockwaves, travel far behind that radiation shockwave. And the distance between plasma and wave movement increases all the time. 

 But. If things like supermassive black holes are in the trajectory. That makes them collide. That thing is very hard to change. When we face things like galactic superclusters. Things that happen on that scale seem very slow. But forces that put galaxies. To turn their trajectories into travel. At the speed of light. The force. That affects things. Like, turn their trajectories. Must affect a certain time with a certain force. 

If we want to create an AI that analyzes galactic clusters star by star. We cannot make that thing. In the galactic scale, it suddenly happens. Violent eruptions. Those eruptions can break the entire model. In the scale of superclusters, events like supernovas don’t have enough force to affect the macrosystem. But a supernova could destroy things like dwarf galaxies. But if the supernova explosion happens in dense star clusters. That shockwave. Can. Launch other supernova explosions. 

https://scitechdaily.com/ai-learned-the-rules-of-the-universe-and-that-became-a-problem/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*

About dark energy. And its existence.

"Astronomers say a new analysis has reinforced one of the most important discoveries in modern cosmology, finding that the universe is still expanding at an accelerating rate."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

"The result counters a controversial claim made in late 2025 that suggested dark energy, the mysterious phenomenon thought to drive the universe’s accelerating expansion, might be weakening. If true, that claim would have called into question decades of research and a cornerstone of modern astronomy."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

Astronomers confirmed dark energy. And that means the universe’s expansion continues to accelerate. So, dark energy will not turn weaker. It’s possible that because the gravitational effect between objects decreases. And the relation between gravity and dark energy changes. This means that the gravitational effect turns weaker. And the dark energy effect turns stronger. The fact is that. Also, visible energy interacts with structures in the universe. And at the beginning of the universe. Objects were closer. But things like plasma and energy were “denser”. 

So, that means that the energy effect in the young universe was stronger than in the modern universe. Dark energy is a wave motion. That originates in the unknown. There is suspicion that dark energy has its origin. In the particles, superstrings. The superstring forms a whisk-shaped structure. 

The expansion of the universe puts that structure to oscillate. Those superstrings´ oscillation. It forms a wave movement that they transmit around the universe. In that model, the dark energy is a wave movement. Its origin is in very small particles. The number of those particles is in this model. A very high. And that explains the effect of dark energy. It is visible only in relation to the large-scale structures. 

So, could those particles that form dark energy be photons? Photons are the ring- or a donut-shaped structure. And that means photons could focus energy. In the middle of it. In that case, the photon could focus energy. Like the Higgs field in the middle of it. That point. It can turn into a quantum-sized quasar. This means that the photon. It can theoretically form. 

The quantum-size Kugelblitz black hole. In the middle of it. There is a possibility that a photon traps a neutrino in the middle of it. And electromagnetic radiation affects that photon. Or the neutrino spins very fast. That thing can turn a neutrino into a quantum-sized black hole. And that could be a source. For dark energy. In some other models, A wave string travels. Through a photon. That string. It can act as the thermal pump that transports energy out from the photon. If that happens fast enough. The photon turns invisible. And it collects energy for that thermal pump. 

This means that dark energy must have an internal source in our universe. But before we see a particle that transmits dark energy. We cannot be sure what that strange force is. That rips the universe in pieces. This means that dark energy is formed when the universe is born in the Big Bang. The problem is this. If. The level of dark energy is always the same. 

And the universe expands. This means that. The dark energy. It does not have a connection. With the Big Bang. The energy level. The amount of dark energy should decrease when the universe expands. If that energy was released from the Big Bang or some ancient particles, send it. Before they turned into some existing elementary particles. If the source of the dark energy is lost. That energy should turn weaker. And that causes an interesting idea. 

The image of a photon. 

What if the source of dark energy is outside the universe? Things like antimatter-matter annihilation outside the universe. It can be the source of dark energy. 

This means that. It’s possible that there are some kind of radiation sources. People tried to explain dark energy. As evidence of a multiverse. In this theory, dark energy has a source. In other universes. In some other model. The dark energy forms when a hypothetical tachyon particle enters our universe. The entropy and scattering effects outside the universe are very low. 

So, these particles can travel faster. Than. They travel in the universe. This means that a tachyon is a particle that travels faster than it should. So when some particle comes from outside the universe. In the universe. That particle can travel faster. Than. It can travel in the universe. This causes an effect. The particle must slow its speed. The particle must release its energy. For slowing. This means that dark energy. It can be some kind of Cherenkov radiation. 

Cherenkov radiation forms when. A neutron comes out of a nuclear reactor. In a short moment, that particle travels faster than light travels in water. The neutron must slow its speed. And it sends a blue light shockwave. The same thing makes the sky blue. When a neutrino or electron hits the atmosphere. It travels faster than light does in the atmosphere. And this means. Those particles release their kinetic energy as the blue light flash. 

But if dark energy is some kind of Cherenkov radiation. That doesn’t mean that the source of those particles is in the other universes. The dark energy is visible only between galaxy superclusters. All galaxies have halos around them. That means that. The galaxies might be surrounded by a similar plasma halo that forms a heliopause around the Sun. The plasma bubble or standing impact wave. Forms when solar wind impacts stellar wind. The stellar wind. It is the particle flow from other stars. 

In the same way, galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters are probably surrounded by impact waves that form. When particle flow from other structures impacts the particle flow. That comes from galaxies in our clusters and superclusters. If those impact waves exist. They would be denser points in the universe. This means that. Scattering effect. It is stronger in that structure. This means that. The speed of light in that plasma wave is a little bit lower. 

The speed of light in and outside those plasma bubbles. So when a particle impacts that plasma bubble. It releases its energy into that plasma wave. This means the energy that the slowing particle sends. Continues as a wave in that plasma halo. This causes an effect. The plasma ball sends energy. Into the middle of it. This means. That this oscillating plasma interacts like a vacuum bomb. The energy that the plasma ball sends inside it. Reflects back. And that can mean that the plasma balls are the source of that mysterious energy. 

Or maybe particles that travel through wormholes. Are. The source of dark energy. The wormhole. It is a hypothetical energy tunnel. Through space and time. The energy level of those particles is higher than it should be. And they should release their energy. In the form of some kind of radiation.If there is no entropy in front of the particle that travels in a wormhole. Nothing limits its speed.  In the same way as when high-energy particles come out from galaxy superclusters, they send energy to space that is at a lower energy level than they are. 

Sometimes it is suggested that the dark matter particles form dark energy. When they evaporate. This would be an interesting idea. But nobody has seen dark matter. 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1131610

https://www.msn.com/en-us/science/astronomy/astronomers-debunk-controversial-study-confirm-universe-still-expanding-at-accelerating-rate/ar-AA25tzft

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260612032030.htm

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-confirm-dark-energy-after-shock-challenge-rocked-cosmology/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://spaceeyenews.com/dark-energy-acceleration-confirmed/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Primordial black holes, magnetic fields. And traveling black holes.

“Artist’s illustration of two black holes orbiting each other. Credit: Carl Knox, OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology. Scientists believe an unusual LIGO detection may be evidence of a primordial black hole, potentially linking these long-theorized objects to the mystery of dark matter.” (ScitechDaily, Mysterious Cosmic Signal Could Be First Real Evidence of Primordial Black Holes)

Dark Energy. Primordial black holes, magnetic fields. And traveling black holes. 

When two black holes collide. Their acceleration disks cross each other. That event causes a very high-energy gamma-ray burst. Same way. When the black hole material jets impact. That impact sends high-energy radiation. It is introduced that the dark energy source is in the black hole wind. High-energy particles that black holes accelerate. Impact outside galaxies. And those impacts. Causes very high energy radiation. The reason why we cannot see those impacts is that. 

The light in galaxies and quasars covers those short-term flashes below them. And that thing can mean. Dark energy is extremely short-term gamma-ray flashes outside galaxies and quasars. But that is one new model. This means that dark energy does not exist. As an independent energy form. That can be so weak gamma-rays that we simply cannot detect that radiation. Because of a supermassive black hole. And black holes in our own galaxy cover those short-term flashes under their gamma-ray shine. 

"A new analysis argues that the standard cosmological model may be fundamentally unstable, raising questions about whether dark energy is really needed to explain the universe’s accelerating expansion. Credit: SciTechDaily.com." (ScitechDaily, A Universe Without Dark Energy? Mathematicians Challenge Standard Cosmology)

In theories, at the beginning of the universe, black holes formed. Those black holes could form straight from the radiation. That means. Those primordial black holes can be the “Kugelblitz” black holes. But there is another thing. That could form those cosmic monsters. The whirl in some energy field, like a gravitational field. It can start to pack dark matter particles into one point. That means that. Dark matter particles can play a vital role in the formation of dark matter. 

The strange radiation.  It can be the first observation about the primordial black holes. Primordial black holes can be the first supermassive-scale black holes. And the thing that makes those monsters so large and powerful is the universe’s expansion. When the universe expands. The size of the acceleration disk grows. And its energy level decreases. When the universe’s energy level decreases. That means that. The force that presses against the acceleration disk decreases. And that causes the expansion of the accretion disk. Because the energy level in the acceleration disk is lower. That lets black holes’ event horizon expand. 

And the black hole requires a larger accretion disk. To stay in form. The acceleration disk is the thing. That keeps the black hole in the form. If that disk does not exist. The black hole starts to lose matter. And that makes the black hole evaporate in seconds. The acceleration disk is the thing. That denies a black hole. To send matter or energy out from it. A black hole exists as long as the accretion disk’s energy level is higher. Than the space inside the event horizon. When the space inside the event horizon turns higher than the environment. That makes the black hole evaporate. 

“Visualization of gas flows around a binary protostar system calculated by ATERUI III. The gas shown in red orbits around one of the two protostars. The gas shown in blue orbits around the combined binary system. The gas shown in green is being expelled from the system. And it is carrying away angular momentum. The present research shows that the magnetic field plays an important role in expelling gas and angular momentum. Credit: Matsumoto, Hotokezaka, Inayoshi 2026” (ScitechDaily, Magnetic Fields May Solve a Longstanding Binary Star Mystery)

The magnetic fields can bring black holes and newborn stars together. And maybe those fields tell more about the reason why binary stars are so common. In binary star systems, the other star replaces the planetary system. But there are observations that binary star systems involve planets. But it is possible that binary stars can capture rogue planets. That can orbit those stars or even black hole pairs from  long distances. 

Binary stars can be the first step to forming supermassive black holes. Supermassive black holes require enough material and energy. That they can form. The magnetic fields can also play a role in cases. Where black holes start to move. The magnetic field. Along with the gravity sling. It can put. Particles move extremely fast. 

The fastest known black hole wind travels across the universe with 30% of the speed of light.

But there is a possibility. That another black hole pushes the smaller black hole into motion. 

The effect that puts the supermassive object into motion can be another black hole. Or some kind of anomaly in the fields around it. The weaker point in the field can cause a situation. The black hole . It starts to travel in that direction. The hole can be any of the four fundamental forces: gravity or electromagnetism. 

“An artist’s impression of a quasar. The black dot in the center represents the supermassive black hole at the center of the quasar. The red-and-yellow spiral surrounding it shows the disc of hot gas falling into the black hole. Some of this gas is ejected as the quasar’s wind, which is shown in light blue. The size of the disc shown is comparable to the size of our Solar System. Credit: NASA/CXC/M. Weiss, Nahks Tr’Ehnl, Nurten Filiz Ak” (ScitechDaily,Record-Breaking Black Hole Wind Blasts Through Space at 30% the Speed of Light)

Or in the weak and strong nuclear force. The most logical guess is that the anomaly is the magnetic field. The hole in the magnetic field causes a situation. The magnetic field causes asymmetry in the black hole's halo or its accretion disk. If that acceleration disk separates from the black hole’s event horizon. Or it's pressure form against the event horizon changes. 

That thing can cause a situation. That black hole. It will start. To travel across the universe. Another reason for traveling black holes can be found. In the gravity slings. The gravity sling between a supermassive and stellar-mass black hole. When a supermassive black hole impacts a stellar mass black hole. That can cause a situation. The supermassive black hole slings its lighter companion through the universe. 

The gravitational sling was used. In the Voyager missions. The planets like Jupiter and Saturn. Gravitational fields. Accelerated those probes to such a high speed. That they can travel outside the solar system. If a stellar-mass black hole travels through the supermassive black hole’s gravitational field. That supermassive black hole can sling it through the universe with incredible speed. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-universe-without-dark-energy-mathematicians-challenge-standard-cosmology/

https://scitechdaily.com/magnetic-fields-may-solve-a-longstanding-binary-star-mystery/

https://scitechdaily.com/mysterious-cosmic-signal-could-be-first-real-evidence-of-primordial-black-holes/

https://scitechdaily.com/record-breaking-black-hole-wind-blasts-through-space-at-30-the-speed-of-light/

What does space-time mean?

“A bold challenge to the 'block universe' suggests our understanding of space-time—and reality itself—may be far less settled than it seems. Credit: AI/ScienceDaily.com” (ScienceDaily) 

Space-time refers to the combination of space and time. This means that matter and time. Are in interaction. Time is connected with matter. And matter connected with time. But then we must realize one thing: why space-time? Or spacetime, is so hard to determine. The reason for that is simple. We don’t know about the nature of time. We can say that the expansion of the universe is the thing. That puts energy into the move. When the universe expands. There is less energy left. And that means that energy flows away from matter. This means that sooner or later. 

All particles should turn. Into a wave movement. This means that time is at least energy. Or it's the energy and particle interaction. Schwinger effect. Or wave-particle duality means that. Energy. It can turn into a particle. And otherwise, a particle can turn into energy. This is one of the determinants for the time. But then we can see that time moves differently at different points in the universe. Gravitation slows time. And the reason for that is theoretically very simple. The gravitational center packs quantum fields more densely around it. That slows the matter evaporation. 

This is one version of the thing. That could determine time. Then we must realize that time should travel differently in particles of matter. When we think about time, we face one interesting detail. We should also ask how time moves in protons, neutrons, or quarks. The Tipler cylinder is the theoretical time machine. The idea of that thing. It is that a fast-spinning cylinder slows time inside it. The idea of the Tipler cylinder. It is possible to transfer. Into the particles. 

Fermionic particles themselves have spin 1/2. This means that the fermions wobble back and forth. In antimatter, spin is opposite. And the question is, what actually determines which is an antifermion and which is a fermion? Fermions are the elementary particles that form matter. The electron has a negative electric charge. And its mirror particle, the positron, has a positive electric charge. Also, quarks have their anti-quark pairs. 

Particles. They are not just particles. They are particles, and all particles are surrounded by halos. That halo is the quantum field. So all particles are in the spinning whirl. This whirl pushes the particle to spin forward. Then suddenly that field loses its touch. And then the particle returns to the position. There it was. A particle is a whisk-shaped structure. The superstring that forms the ball.  The quantum field or that whirl touches the particle. In the points of those superstrings. When that field pushes a particle forward, it injects energy into it. 

When the energy level of a particle turns higher than the energy level of its halo. The halo jumps away from that particle. And then the elementary particle turns back. Into its original position. The expansion of the universe causes a situation. That energy level around the particle-halo combination turns lower. And that means that energy travels away from that halo. When that halo transports its energy. Into its environment, that halo also expands. And that is one of the reasons. For why supermassive black holes are so large. At the beginning of the universe. Those black holes were normal-sized. But when quantum fields in the universe turned weaker. They expanded to an incredible size. 

So when particle and antiparticle pairs impact. That impact neutralizes their halos. And that means that particles release energy. That is stored in their superstrings. So, that reaction turns those particles into a wave movement in a reaction called annihilation. 

When a particle changes its direction, it releases a photon. That is because it must release kinetic energy. That is stored in it while it spins. Before a particle can change its direction, it must stop. And in that process, it must release its kinetic energy. When a particle releases its kinetic energy, it releases something from itself. It loses a little. A bit of its mass. An elementary particle is formed from energy. And that means that little bit of energy that formed the particle is gone. 

When it releases that photon. When we think about cases. That particle has a lower energy level than the surrounding ones. That means that the particle receives energy. And before the particle changes its spin direction. It will not send photons. When a particle slows its spin. It starts to release its kinetic energy as wave motion. And finally, that wave motion turns into photons. If a particle just receives energy. It turns invisible. This causes an idea. Whether the black hole is a particle or an object. 

That spin is more than 1 (>1). In that case, the particle pulls energy inside it. Until its energy level is higher than the energy level in its halo. If a particle or object focuses energy inside it. That energy behaves like a laser. This means that the energy forms the spike. Or the beam. That can travel out from that object. This means that this effect acts like a giant thermal pump. That transports energy out from objects like a black hole. So why? The black hole's gravitational field is so strong. The reason for that is that. The black hole is very close to the homogeneous particle. This means that the entropy inside it is very low. Also, in normal particles and objects, there are energy spikes in the particle’s spin axis. 

But the difference is that. Those particles are turning in different directions. And those energy spikes are random. But in the cases of neutron stars. Every single neutron is in the N/S position. This decreases entropy. That means that those “thermal pumps” travel through all neutrons. And in the middle of the neutron star. That beam transports energy out from the structure with the highest power. The neutron’s shells create structures. That takes energy into them. 

But what if those objects have no internal structures? In black holes, there is no internal structure. Energy travels straight into the spin axle. And there it forms the beam that transmits energy to the black hole’s core. This effect causes an extremely powerful energy transfer. To the center of the black hole. If a black hole cannot release its energy, its mass increases. That makes time travel backward in black holes. The black hole’s event horizons will expand. The expansion of the black hole’s event horizon is an interaction. The expansion of the universe causes. The quantum fields around the black holes turn weaker. That means that the black hole’s halos expand. And that is one of the reasons. For why those supermassive black holes are so large. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260606075858.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_block_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

Cannibal star can be the reason for one of the universe's mysteries.

“Scientists have linked a mysterious class of repeating cosmic signals to a white dwarf star stealing material from a neighboring star. The breakthrough not only solves a long-standing astronomical puzzle but also provides a powerful new tool for understanding similar signals across the galaxy. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

“A star caught feeding on its companion has finally revealed the source of some of the galaxy’s most mysterious repeating signals.”(ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

An international research team led by scientists at the University of Sydney has uncovered the strongest evidence yet explaining the origin of a puzzling type of cosmic signal. Their work has also revealed a rare stellar system that offers a unique opportunity to study some of the most extreme conditions in the universe.

Cannibal stars are stars that pull matter from their companion. They can be normal stars, or white dwarfs, magnetars, neutron stars, or black holes. When the plasma bridge travels through the plasma layer. That forms radio waves. X-rays and gamma rays. Depending on the companion. The X-ray bursts from Cygnus X-1 uncovered the black hole in that system. Pulsars sometimes get their energy from matter. 

That they pull out from other stars. And those events. They can be behind many repeating long-term radio transmissions. When a neutron star or black hole captures another star. That thing forms a situation. That the matter starts to flow to the gravity center. Cases like Sirius B. That is a white dwarf that orbits Sirius. The bright spectral class A star. There are discussions about the formation of Sirius B. Sometimes, astronomers say that at the beginning. The Sirius B was about 5 times heavier than the Sun. 

But then Sirius A stole lots of matter. And that means that the Sirius B blew 4/5 of its mass into space or Sirius A. Today, Sirius B is about a solar-mass white dwarf. The size of that extremely dense object is about the same as Earth. The Sirius A age is about 225-250 million years. The age of Sirius B is about 228 million years. 

“Accreting white dwarf illustration. Credit: Carl Knox (OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology) and Joshua Preston Pritchard (CSIRO)” (ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

“CSIRO ’s ASKAP radio telescope on Wajarri Yamaji Country. Credit: Alex Cherney.” (ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

“The ASKAP radio telescope at Inyarrimanha Ilgari Bundara, the CSIRO Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory on Wajarri Yamaji Country in Western Australia. Credit: Alex Cherney/CSIRO” (ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

But some people say. That Sirius B is too light. And Sirius A is too young to have formed in the same nebula. It’s possible that Sirius B lost lots of matter. But the mass of Sirius A is about 2 times that of the Sun. So, in calculations, about 3/5 of the Sirius B mass “vanished” into space. When that star detonated in a nova eruption. 

Or it should lose too much mass. They say that maybe Sirius A. A two-times as massive a star as the Sun. Captured that small white dwarf. They explain their opinion that Sirius B should turn into a black hole. Or a neutron star. And heavy elements on the surface of Sirius B. 

They are from the nebula around Sirius A. Or in some other model. The Sirius B detonated as a nova. And that nova put the Sirius A  into form. But those things are speculative. The only fact is that. There must be asteroids in the Sirius system. And sometimes some asteroids must hit the surface of Sirius B. 

The bright star can hide its companion. But when the companion star travels through a massive plasma eruption. That can cause a situation. There, the eruption launches the radio signals. If that plasma hits the dwarf star’s surface,   

But the universe is full of binary stars. There, the dwarf stars orbit. The red giants or some so-called main-sequence stars. In the cases that. Some dwarf stars orbit things like Wolf-Rayet stars. The dwarf can travel through the material eruptions of those stars. That can cause unexpected radio impulses. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-cannibal-star-finally-solves-one-of-astronomys-biggest-mysteries/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius

String theory and quantum gravity are new challenges for physics.

“Artwork illustrating how string theory emerges from a few simple mathematical assumptions about particle collisions. Credit: AI-generated art by Clifford Cheung.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Found String Theory Without Even Looking for It)

How to combine quantum gravity with large-scale gravity? 

String theory explains matter as the oscillating strings. Those strings can rotate, and that explains phenomena like quantum gravity. This means that. At least some part. Quantum gravity could form when photons. The ring-shaped strings. Changing their form. When a superstring moves. There forms the small quanutum low-energy vacuum behind it. The other part of the quantum field tries to fill that point. And then two quantum waves impact. 

That causes reflection in that field. That reflection is very weak. But there are lots of superstrings in the universe. And that is one explanation for dark matter. And that could explain dark energy. As well. The model is that dark energy could form when cosmic micro- or quantum-sized vacuums collapse. When that collapse happens. The effect is the same as in vacuum bombs. Those falling vacuums collect quantum fields or energy. 

In the middle of them. Those vacuums can also act like particles. The thing that causes the destruction or collapse in those microvacuums is the expansion of the universe. The expansion opens the superstring structure that forms. Inside them. That causes a situation where the quantum field travels in that vacuum. That causes an energy impulse to this structure. 

In some other models, the dark energy forms when gravitation puts quantum fields into motion. That causes the effect. It puts. Particles and quantum fields around them to glow. 

That model explains why we cannot see dark matter particles. So, dark matter is in this model. A very large-scale quantum gravitation effect. That forms between particles. In this text, the “particle” means the gravitational center. 

Quantum gravity forms when a spinning string pulls a quantum field or smaller strings around it. The problem is this: reseachers have problems fitting quantum gravity with large-scale or normal gravity. It’s possible that there are two versions of gravity. The short- and long-distance gravitation. Quantum gravity means. Gravitational effect between single particles. 

Wikipedia describes that thing like this: 

“Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks unification of the theory of gravity with the principles of quantum mechanics. It deals with environments in which neither gravitational nor quantum effects can be ignored, such as in the vicinity of black holes or similar compact astrophysical objects, as well as in the early stages of the universe, moments after the Big Bang.” (Wikipedia, Quantum gravity)

Quantum gravity is one part of cGh physics. 

“cGh physics refers to the historical attempts in physics to unify relativity, gravitation, and quantum mechanics, in particular following the ideas of Matvei Petrovich Bronstein and George Gamow. The letters are the standard symbols for the speed of light (c), the gravitational constant (G), and the Planck constant (h).” (Wikipedia, cGh physics)

That is the key problem with the Grand Unified Theory, GUT. And the Theory of Everything, TOE. There are models that suggest gravity, or quantum gravity, is not a single phenomenon. The idea is that.

 

“Diagram showing where quantum gravity sits in the near-cube hierarchy of physics theories. Note that electromagnetism and quantum field theory in curved spacetime are added in as an extra and distinct item.” (Wikipedia, cGh physics)

Maybe. Some part of gravity. Or. Gravitation. Forms. When a spinning particle forms a quantum spike. The spin of particles is often 1/2. That means the particle wobbles back and forth. But then. We must realize that a particle is surrounded by its quantum field. That field. 

Or, the halo of the particle has spin 1. So the halo around the particle travels around it. And if the shape of the particle is like a whisk. That causes a situation. There is a hole between the particle and the field. That hole pulls  photons away from the particle. The quantum spike forms from that quantum field. And we can call that thing the quantum tornado. 

That quantum spike that is similar to the whirl that forms at some planets' poles pushes against other matter. This spike pulls particles and strings away from its route. If that spike hits the lower energy matter, energy starts to flow from the particle to the lower energy matter. That forms energy asymmetry. 

That energy asymmetry causes a situation in which the particle loses energy from its other side. Then the energy from its other side tries to fill this hole. That forms an energy flow to the lower energy object. And that energy flow drives the particle. To the lower energy object. This means that the field. Or quantum wind pushes particles all the time. Together. This means that this model forms interaction only in short distances. But those strings can also pull energy out from the other quantum fields. 

This kind of large-scale quantum effect can be measured only around objects like black holes. The idea is that. When a quantum spike travels through matter, it acts like a thermal pump. That thermal pump cools the particle. And that causes a situation. Outside, quantum fields are traveling to that particle. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-found-string-theory-without-even-looking-for-it/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGh_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_everything

Researchers might have found a dark matter fingerprint from a black hole collision.

"Gravitational waves from colliding black holes may hold subtle clues about one of the universe’s greatest mysteries: dark matter. A new study proposes a way to search for these hidden signatures by analyzing how black holes behave when surrounded by dense clouds of exotic matter. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Scientists May Have Found Dark Matter’s Fingerprint in a Black Hole Collision)

Researchers might find. The mark of dark matter from the black hole collision. The black hole collisions are the most violent events in the universe. They find incredibly strong shockwaves. Those shockwaves form when the black hole's halos impact. The gravitational fields also send very strong gravitational waves. Those shockwaves press the quantum fields into extremely high-energy and dense form. 

Researchers hoped that those shockwaves could press the dark matter into such a dense form that they could measure it or its effect on gravitational fields. The packed dark matter can cause interference in gravitational waves. In some models, a gravitational wave is actually an energy wave that travels between dark matter particles. 

"A new model developed by physicists at MIT and elsewhere predicts how gravitational waves (blue and red waves) can carry imprints of any dark matter (light purple) that two merging black holes happen to spiral through. Credit: Courtesy of Josu Aurrekoetxea, et al" (ScitechDaily, Scientists May Have Found Dark Matter’s Fingerprint in a Black Hole Collision)

In those simulations reseachers try to find out whether it is possible that gravitational waves can cancel each other out. Another thing that can make this effect interesting is. If some other wave. Could fill the energy ditch. That makes gravitation so different. If those energy ditches are filled, the gravitation will turn opposite. The idea is that a gravitational wave is the energy wave that travels between tw ditches. That means in normal cases, those ditches pull more energy out from the particle than the wave can give. So, if those energy ditches are filled. That means that. Without those lower energy lines, gravity cannot pull objects. Into the gravity center. 

But if a gravitational wave is an energy wave that travels between dark matter particles… 

The idea of this model. It is simple. The dark matter forms of quantum dots. Those quantum dots. They can be real particles. Or they can be exciton-style quasiparticles that form around a spinning string-shaped structure. This means that. The dark matter could be the cloud of quantum dots. Each of those quantum dots will act as an individual gravitational center. Those quantum dots can be some kind of whirls in the gravitational field. 

The gravitational wave is, in this case. The energy wave that travels between those quantum dots. Those quantum dots will send energy waves between each other. When a higher energy quantum dot, or dark matter particle, sends an energy wave. It puts other quantum dot resonate. And if that radiation, or wave movement, has a very short wavelength, it pulls energy out from other particles. 

And when energy travels out from a particle, the other energy tries to fill that hole. This could explain why gravitation is so different. In some other models. The gravitation forms when the energy impulse separates from the particle. That leaves a small. Lower energy area between the wave and particle. If we think that a gravitational wave acts like all other waves. There is a smaller energy ditch forward of the energy wave. If that wave turns lower than the energy ditch. That explains why a gravitational wave pulls particles to the gravitational center. The reason why the energy ditch turns deeper. If we compare it with the energy hill. Is the expansion of the universe. 

Because the energy level in the universe turns lower. That means. That energy wave that the particle sends turns weaker. If we think about what makes those gravitational waves as a thing. That. Only pulls particles into the gravity center. The thing that is required is that the wave that travels between energy ditches cannot replace the energy that those ditches “steal” from the particle. 

But all waves form in the movement of the particles. And maybe dark matter is the particles that form gravity waves.

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-may-have-found-dark-matters-fingerprint-in-a-black-hole-collision/