Saturday, May 2, 2026

The binary star accelerates gamma-rays with a power of over 100 TeV.



“For years, scientists have searched for the sources of the most energetic particles in our galaxy, cosmic rays that carry energies far beyond what human-made accelerators can achieve.”(IE)

“Now, observations from the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) have revealed a binary star system pushing particles past a critical energy barrier. The system, LS I +61° 303, has been found emitting gamma rays above 100 tera–electron volts (TeV)—firmly placing it in the category of ultra-high-energy sources”. (IE)

Reseachers make observations about the gamma-rays by using secondary particles for that thing. Searching for and detecting gamma-rays. Straight is a very long-term process. But. The system can search for secondary particles that form when high-energy gamma rays. Hit the atmosphere. 

This kind of energy level is quite normal for supernovas and black holes. But the binary star that forms this energy level radiation is not normal. Maybe the binary star can accelerate particles. Into the very high speeds. Because the poles of the stars are in series. This means that the south pole of the other participant of this binary star system could be against the other star’s north pole. 

This means that the poles of the stars are. Like this: South-North. South-North (-+)(-+), and that causes a very high acceleration to particles. The primary question is, where exactly is the point? Where those gamma-rays form. 

And that causes very high acceleration to the particles that travel between those poles. The protons that come from another star’s north pole hit the other star’s south pole, and that causes very strong gamma-ray emission. Another version could be that the series of the poles of those stars sends particles at a very high speed to the material. That is around the binary star system. In both cases, the power of those gamma-rays is very high. Also, photons that the system forms accelerate those particles. When particles like protons and electrons hit each other. That thing sends photons. Those photons accelerate electrons. 

One of the reasons why. Those protons. Can reach. A higher energy level than in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is simple. The LHC. That accelerates protons to a level 6,5 TeV. But this binary star. Can raise their energy level to 100 TeV. Is simple. The LHC accelerates protons only by using magnetic fields. The binary star also sends IR and other EM radiation into those particles. This raises their energy level. Into an extremely high level. 

There is a possibility that this kind of phenomenon can be harnessed into fusion systems on Earth.

The system generates two plasma balls. Those plasma ball poles. They  are in a position. That is similar to that binary star. Then the system shoots the particle beam over those plasma balls. Maybe those plasma points can be made using the crossing plasma beams in two Tokamak Reactors. That thing can raise the energy level of those particle beams to levels that they cannot reach otherwise. 


https://interestingengineering.com/space/100-tev-gamma-rays

Why are most distant galaxies distancing so fast?



“Standard candles (left) and standard rulers (right) are two different techniques astronomers used to measure the expansion of space at various times/distances in the past. Based on how quantities like luminosity or angular size/diameter change with distance, we can infer the expansion history of the Universe. Standard candles involve looking at objects whose intrinsic brightness is known at all cosmic distances, while standard rulers involve looking at features such as the physical size of a known object or the average separation distance between any two galaxies (imprinted from baryon acoustic oscillations during the early stages of the Big Bang) that evolve as the Universe expands.” (Big Think, Ask Ethan: How can ultra-distant galaxies move so fast?)

Here, we must realize one thing. We don’t know the luminosity of the most distant objects. There can be dark nebulae between Earth and those objects. Another thing is that. There are two directions in which those objects move. The horizontal and vertical. The vertical movement is the movement away from our galaxy. And the horizontal movement is the movement to the side from the original direction of our galaxy. 

This means that if we were to find a galaxy. That is the opposite of our galaxy, and both galaxies orbit the center in the same direction. That means we would not see horizontal movement at all. But the vertical distancing, the redshift of that galaxy, will be incredible. The redshift measures the vertical movement. Spectral lines in that distant galaxy turn red. The horizontal movement is measured by using different methods. 

If this galaxy is found. That could bring us closer to proving the existence of dark flow. If dark flow exists. And galaxies orbit the same point. That tells us. The universe has a mass center. Or. There is a point that puts the entire universe in orbit around it. 

The answer is in the position of the observer. The phenomenon is opposite to the case where two cars collide at a speed of 50 km/h. This means that. When car 1 has a speed of 50 km/h. And a car 2 also has a speed of 50 km/h, the impact speed. It is 50 km/h + 50 km/h. And. That is 100 km/h. So, the effect is similar to that of a car impacting a standing wall at a speed of 100 km/h. Same way. If two cars are distancing themselves. 

To the opposite direction. And both of them have a speed of 50 km/h, the distancing speed is also 100 km/h. This is one of the things that we can just say. That everything is relative. When two electrons collide in the particle accelerators at a speed of 80% of the speed of light. That means their impact speed is 160% of the speed of light. Those particles will not cross the speed of light. But their mutual speed is higher. 

The mutual speed of two objects can be different from the speed of each of the objects. In the same way, when two photons travel in opposite directions. Their mutual speed. It is. Two times faster. Than the speed of light. 

Then to galaxies. Measurements of the distancing speed of galaxies. It is measured by using the Doppler effect. This means that the wavelength of the radiation becomes longer. Then two objects are distancing. This means that spectral lines travel to the red. And when another object gets closer to us, that turns the wave movement shorter. 

This is the effect, called blueshift. But. We must realize that gravitation pulls that radiation longer. And this means that. Near black holes, all objects seem slower. Than they really are. So galaxies cause an effect on the object that comes closer, seeming to be slower than they really are. And objects that travel away seem to be distancing faster than they really do. We can call it an effect. There gravity stretches light.  As a virtual redshift. 

 But then. If. We are looking. At the most distant galaxies that are on the opposite side of the universe. We must realize that the speed always behaves the same way. When two galaxies are moving away from each other. Their distancing speed behaves like the distancing speed between two cars. The speed at which the systems measure. It is the speed of galaxy 1 + the speed of galaxy 2. 

But then another thing is this. Gravitation stretches light. This means that every gravitational center. Seems to be in longer distances than they really are. Gravitation stretches light on both sides of the measurement line. The galaxy that sends light pulls that light back. That causes a virtual redshift that is stronger than the real redshift.

When that light travels to the Milky Way, the gravity of our galaxy pulls the wave movement from the front. And that means that. Also, our galaxy has the effect of that redshift. In the cases of galaxies. The gravity stretches light so strongly that it has an effect on redshift. If we think that the effect of the gravitational redshift is very small in the case of light-years. 

But in the long distances. Like distances of megaparsecs, even small errors. Turn bigger. One parsec is 3,26 ly and a megaparsec is a million parsecs. 

In the same way as in the cases. That measurement tool makes a 1 mm error. In the 100m distances. That error might not seem big. But. When we try to measure distances. Like Earth's distance to Jupiter. Those errors turn into an enormous scale. 


⁠https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/how-galaxies-move-fast/⁠⁠


⁠https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_flow⁠⁠


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect


⁠https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec⁠⁠


Monday, April 20, 2026

When planets are in the wrong order. (LHS 1903)



"LHS 1903 is a small red M-dwarf star that is cooler and shines less brightly than our Sun. Scientists used telescopes in space and on Earth to discover four planets orbiting LHS 1903. With those telescopes, they classified the three closest planets to the star as the innermost being rocky, and the two that follow it gas giants. Credit: ESA" (ScitechDaily, This Alien Solar System Doesn’t Follow the Rules – and Scientists Are Intrigued)

“LHS 1903 is a red dwarf star located about 116 light-years from Earth in the constellation Lynx, near 21 Lyncis. It is thought to be a member of the Milky Way's thick disk.” (Wikipedia, LHS 1903)

“It hosts four known exoplanets. Its planetary system has been described as "inside-out", as instead of the usual pattern where gas planets tend to form further out, its planets are arranged in a configuration where the innermost and outermost planets are rocky, while the middle planets are gas dwarfs.”(Wikipedia, LHS 1903)

“In the late 20th century, scientists often described planetary formation using our solar system as a template. In that view, small rocky planets form close to the Sun, while gas and ice giants form farther away. However, the discovery of more than 6,128 exoplanets across 4,560 systems, along with unusual types such as hot Jupiters and planets orbiting pulsars, suggests that our solar system may not be typical.” (ScitechDaily, This Alien Solar System Doesn’t Follow the Rules – and Scientists Are Intrigued)

“Hot Jupiters (sometimes called hot Saturns) are a class of gas giant exoplanets that are inferred to be physically similar to Jupiter (i.e., Jupiter analogues). But they have very short orbital periods (P < 10 days). The close proximity to their stars and high surface-atmosphere temperatures resulted in their informal name "hot Jupiters.” (Wikipedia, Hot Jupiter) 


Could planets change their place? This is a good question. The LHS 1903 is the red dwarf. The M-type star is far less bright than our Sun. The mass of that star is far lower than that of our Sun. That star has a planetary system of four known planets. The planetary system of LHS 1903. Fits in the Mercury trajectory. If we compare it with our solar system. 

The planet’s order in this system is interesting. The inmost and outmost planets from the star (LHS 1903, B and E) are rocky planets. And the center planets (LHS 1903 C and D) are mini Neptunes. Those mini Neptunes' mass is about six times that of Earth. And their diameter is about twice Earth’s diameter. 





“The location of the LHS 1903 system in the constellation Lynx. Credit: Stellarium.” (ScitechDaily, This Alien Solar System Doesn’t Follow the Rules – and Scientists Are Intrigued)


The LHS 1903 planetary system (Wikipedia, LHS 1903) 


Also, those two rocky planets have a very large mass. The fact is that. When we see the table of that solar system. We see. The outermost planet E is almost as massive as planet D, and it's also more massive than planet C. So, could that mean that the LHS 1903 is trapped some of those planets around it? If we think of the possibility. The planets changed their places. That requires that something. 

More massive than LHS 1903, it formed. Some kind of mass center. And then turned the entire solar system around. Could some. A very small thing, like a small black hole. Travel between those planets? This kind of thing could spin. The planetary system around that mass center. 

 In planet formation models, the rocky planets are nearest. The reason for that is the solar wind. That blows the light elements away from around the planet. But there is one thing that makes LHS 1903 interesting. The rocky planet is massive. That means it could also lose its gas layers. The cosmic event, like some kind of particle beam, can strip the light elements from around that planet. 

The massive “hot Jupiters” can be very close to their star. If there is a solar system. The innermost planet is a “hot Jupiter”. And others are lighter rocky planets. That can form in a situation where the star “robs” other planets than the “hot Jupiter” from other solar systems. In cases of “hot Jupiters,” the planet’s massive gravity can resist the starwind. 



https://scitechdaily.com/this-alien-solar-system-doesnt-follow-the-rules-and-scientists-are-intrigued/



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Jupiter



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHS_1903

Cosmic collision. Turned the Magellanic Clouds into chaotic.



"The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is a nearby dwarf galaxy and one of the Milky Way’s closest companions. Rich in gas but relatively low in heavy elements, it provides astronomers with an important laboratory for studying how stars form and galaxies evolve. Credit: NASA, ESA, CXC, and the University of Potsdam, JPL-Caltech, and STSc." (ScitechDaily,A Cosmic Crash Turned This Nearby Galaxy Into Chaos)

“The Small Magellanic Cloud, or SMC, is one of the Milky Way’s nearest galactic neighbors. It is a small, gas-rich galaxy visible to the naked eye from the Southern Hemisphere, and it remains gravitationally linked to our galaxy along with its companion, the Large Magellanic Cloud, or LMC.” (ScitechDaily,A Cosmic Crash Turned This Nearby Galaxy Into Chaos)

“The SMC contains more mass in gas than in stars. Under normal conditions, gas cools and contracts due to gravity. It forms a rotating disk, similar to the process that created the flat, spinning structure of our solar system. However, earlier measurements using the Hubble Space Telescope and the European Space Agency’s Gaia satellite showed that the SMC’s stars are not moving in an orderly rotation around the galaxy’s center.”(ScitechDaily,A Cosmic Crash Turned This Nearby Galaxy Into Chaos)

“A study published in The Astrophysical Journal offers a possible answer. Researchers from the University of Arizona found that the SMC’s lack of stellar rotation likely stems from a direct collision with the LMC. This discovery also raises concerns about using the SMC as a model for understanding galaxy evolution over cosmic time.” (ScitechDaily,A Cosmic Crash Turned This Nearby Galaxy Into Chaos)

The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is a gas-rich dwarf galaxy located near the Milky Way. That galaxy is one of the closest galaxies around the Milky Way. That object is near another irregular dwarf galaxy: the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). The inconsistent form of those galaxies caused discussions. The reason for their interesting form was the collision between the SMC and LMC. 

This collision turned those galaxies. Into chaos. That chaos is interesting because that means those galaxies collided so close in the past that they had no time to reorder their structures. In the same way. When Andromeda hits the Milky Way. That causes chaos. When the Andromeda galaxy. Close.  Milky Way. First, it should travel past our galaxy. It starts to orbit the Milky Way following a spiral-shaped trajectory. 

That closing spiral trajectory causes the collision between the Andromeda Galaxy’s supermassive black hole. And the Sagittarius A, the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way. That collision happens in the distant future. The calculated time to that collision is 4-5 billion years. So, when that happens, the Sun is turned into a white dwarf. 

“The Magellanic Clouds (Magellanic system or Nubeculae Magellani) are two irregular dwarf galaxies in the southern celestial hemisphere. Orbiting the Milky Way galaxy, these satellite galaxies are members of the Local Group. Because both show signs of a bar structure, they are often reclassified as Magellanic spiral galaxies.” (Wikipedia, Magellanic Clouds)

The two galaxies are the following:


“Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), about 163 kly (50 kpc) away.”


“Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), about 206 kly (63 kpc) away.”


(Wikipedia, Magellanic Clouds)





“The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC)”. (Wikipedia, Magellanic Clouds)





“Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC)”. (Wikipedia, Magellanic Clouds)






“The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds”. (Wikipedia, Magellanic Clouds)





"Illustration of the SMC-LMC collision. Credit: Himansh Rathore, University of Arizona" (ScitechDaily, A Cosmic Crash Turned This Nearby Galaxy Into Chaos)


Previously, astronomers believed that those galaxies. They were old ones. The gas-rich structure of the SMC caused suspicions about the age of those galaxies. And modern observations. Tell that the cosmic collision turned those galaxies into chaos. Normal spiral and elliptical galaxies form around the mass center. Those mass centers are normally supermassive black holes. 

That thing turns the galaxy into a spiral structure around that supermassive center. The lack of a mass center turns galaxies into inconsistent. Or chaotic forms. Another thing that can turn a galaxy. Into chaos is the cosmic collision. The question is how that chaos affects the star formation in the galaxy? In modern models, stellar formation requires whirls in the material re. Those whirls start to form the denser points in gas and dust. 

Those material packs start to accumulate material around them. Do those whirls form stars? It depends on how long the material accumulation can keep its form. If some cosmic event, like a supernova explosion, happens too close, that thing can destroy the proto-star before anybody even knows its existence. Also, chaotic form. And crossing material flows can destroy those proto-stars. 


https://scitechdaily.com/a-cosmic-crash-turned-this-nearby-galaxy-into-chaos/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda%E2%80%93Milky_Way_collision


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellanic_Clouds


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A

Wednesday, March 11, 2026

Can the universe be infinite?




“Measurements of the early universe show that space appears flat across the observable cosmos. But beyond our horizon, the universe could still curve, loop, or connect in surprising ways, leaving its ultimate size and shape an open scientific question. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Is the Universe Infinite? The Surprising Truth About Cosmic Geometry)

Before we go into the new ideas of the universe and its geometry. We forget one thing. The infinite universe requires space outside the universe itself. And then we must determine the term “space”. There is “space” outside the universe, but is that space the “total emptiness” energy level that is lower than the energy level of the universe? This causes another question: if that “hypervoid” exists, that could create a situation where there is no particle that can travel across that hypervoid as a particle. This means everything that goes outside the universe turns into wave movement. Because there are no quantum fields in that area, the wave movement turns into a straight form. 

So. The wave that travels in that hypervoid will look like a straight string. This means that there are no internal changes in energy level in that wave. And if there are some other universes, this means that the wave movement comes from those universes. It is the same way as a string. When we observe wave movement, we can detect it because there are changes. In its energy level. This means that we see the change, not the energy itself. This is one of the reasons why we should always ask: Is there space around the universe? If information cannot keep its form in that area? Can we call that existence or not? Outside the universe, information gets its final form. 

But is the universe infinite? We can determine that the universe is a hypercluster of multiple internal clusters. So there is a possibility. The universe is a bubble in an extremely low-energy space. This means that the energy level in the universe is higher. Than the energy level around it. This means that energy travels out from the universe. Normally, we think that this energy flow is one-way. But if we think that particle that travels out from the universe turns into energy, that means that those particles send photons or energy waves back to the universe. This can mean. That some part of dark energy can come outside the universe, but is its origin in the other galaxies, or is it in those particles? This is one of the biggest questions. 

Can the universe expand faster than the speed of light? In a cosmic hypervoid, the speed of light would be far faster than it is in the universe. Another thing is more complicated. The universe pulls that wave movement back to it with its gravity. But. If we think that a cosmic supervoid can cause a situation, the wave movement stretches and turns into a straight form. So. This raises a question: Can information travel at an unlimited speed? Theoretically, that is possible if there are no quantum fields. But. That causes a situation where the wave transports information. Turns into a straight form. This means that returning that information is a very high process. The system should turn. Those energy hills and valleys. On that wave, back into its form. 

There is a possibility that the universe. It is like an energy hill. In the cosmic hypervoid. And if those hypothetical other universes exist, they are the same way energy hills. When we think of the edge of the universe. It’s possible that there is some kind of shockwave that travels ahead of the universe. This means that if that shockwave exists, there can be a very high energy threshold. The shockwave could be an energy hill that is only half a degree higher than the energy level in the inner universe. So there is a possibility. The drop in energy level behind that barrier is far higher. This means that at that point, energy travels out from the universe. Very fast. This means that the cosmic hypervoid is outside the universe. And it pulls the universe larger all the time. When the universe expands, that turns the quantum fields inside it weaker. That puts all elementary particles. To send a wave movement and photons. This increases entropy in the system. 

Without the expansion of the universe, there will be no free energy. There would not be cases where particles send photons. This expansion puts energy into the move. This is the thing that keeps processes in the universe going. And that is the thing that finally destroys the universe, or it destroys the universe in the form that we know it. 


https://scitechdaily.com/is-the-universe-infinite-the-surprising-truth-about-cosmic-geometry/


Friday, February 27, 2026

Quantum entanglement.



"Quantum teleportation is a method for transferring the quantum state of a particle or field from one location to another without physically moving the particle itself. It relies on a phenomenon known as quantum entanglement, in which two systems share strong correlations that cannot be explained by classical physics. Credit: Shutterstock." (ScitechDaily, Quantum Teleportation Breakthrough Sends 5 States at Once)

If we were to see quantum entanglement. Or, information is transmitted between two superpositioned and entangled particles. We would see two balls, and the thin yarn would connect those particles. When information travels between those particles. This event looks like a situation. Where the other yarn ball pulls a yarn string from another yarn ball. 

Einstein’s spooky action at a distance, called quantum entanglement. It is one of the most interesting phenomena in the world. The information travels between two particles in the string. And that makes it possible. That. Quantum entanglement can transmit information faster than the speed of light. That would be possible. If there is a possibility of removing entropy from around that string. This means that there should be something that removes the field from around the string that transmits information. The quantum entanglement creates. The quantum shadow, or hole in the field. And in that hole would be no scattering effect. 


Above: The wormhole, or at least an electromagnetic wormhole, might look like this. The energy string in the middle of it pushes the channel through the quantum field. The entropy in the wormhole. It will deny information. From staying in its form. The structure that transmits information in quantum entanglement. It might also look like this. 

This allows information travel faster than it does outside that tunnel. So a photon travels faster. In the quantum shadow between those particles. The speed of a photon is not unlimited. But. It's faster than outside that quantum tunnel. There is a possibility. To transmit information in the string or use the string. Quantum entanglement is used. To push the tunnel through the field. The electromagnetic wormhole will allow photons to travel faster than they travel outside that tunnel. So, the system can send photons through that tunnel. 

There is a possibility. That's the black hole. It is a group of qubits. This raises a question. About the problem. What if reseachers someday form the superposition and quantum entanglement that travels through the black hole? Could that thing be possible? Could quantum entanglement stand in the black hole?  The model of the qubits on the black hole’s shell is formed by the idea that the black hole’s event horizons are full of potholes and hilltops. Those things can be the zeros and ones in the qubit. 




"Encoded on the surface of the black hole can be bits (or quantum bits, i.e., qubits) of information, proportional to the event horizon’s surface area. When the black hole decays, it decays to a state of thermal radiation. As matter and radiation fall into the black hole, the surface area grows, enabling that information to be successfully encoded. When the black hole decays, entropy will not decrease, but rather will remain constant, as Hawking radiation is an entropy-conserving (adiabatic) process. How or if that information is encoded into the outgoing radiation is not yet determined.Credit: T.B. Bakker/Dr. J.P. van der Schaar, Universiteit van Amsterdam. "(BigThink, Ask Ethan: Can quantum entanglement survive a black hole)?


There is a possibility. That's the black hole. It is a group of qubits. This raises a question. About the problem. What if reseachers someday form the superposition and quantum entanglement that travels through the black hole? Could that thing be possible? Could quantum entanglement stand in the black hole? 


And can a particle stand the energy of a black hole? This depends on the side on which the particle spins. If the particle spins in the same direction as the black hole, it could survive. If the particle spins in the opposite direction, the black hole erases it. The thing that erases the particle is simple. When a particle suddenly switches its spin direction, it must stop for a while. At that point, the particle releases all its energy. If the particle spin is in the same direction as the black hole, the black hole just increases its spin speed. The thing that erases the particle is the change in the direction of the spin. 

The big question is: Can quantum entanglement bring information from the black hole? The black hole pulls all the information into it. There is a possibility that the superstrings. In the spinning black hole. They can turn. The energy flows opposite. But. Another way. It is to create a superpositioned particle pair. When the energy, or information, starts to flow into a black hole. The system can observe the particle that transmits information. The system must know how the information should travel between those particles. So, the system observes how transmitting particles offer information. And then it compares that thing with the real event. The event looks like a situation. There gravity rolls the yarn ball open. 

Can this thing work? Nobody knows. The quantum entanglement should pass. The black hole photonic and plasma halo. To reach the event horizon. When we think about black holes and wormholes. The wormhole can form between two superpositioned black holes. Or the black hole halos can form an electromagnetic wormhole if they turn into a superposition. This means that. Some kind of tunnel. Between two points is possible. 



https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/quantum-entanglement-black-hole/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-teleportation-breakthrough-sends-5-states-at-once/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-truth-about-wormholes-einsteins-bridge-may-rewrite-time-itself/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Tuesday, February 17, 2026

Why is alien life not so easy to find?





“Life depends on more than just water; it also requires a delicate chemical balance established during a planet’s earliest moments. New research suggests that Earth’s ability to support life may hinge on an exceptionally narrow window of oxygen conditions during core formation, allowing both phosphorus and nitrogen to remain accessible. Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, Life Needs More Than Water: The Missing Clue Scientists Just Discovered)

Alien life would be like lifeforms on Earth. If we think about the chemical processes behind those creatures. If alien life forms are based on a similar chemistry to life on Earth. That means there must also be other life building blocks than just water. One of the most critical chemicals. Or an element on alien lifeforms. Is phosphorus. And another critical element is nitrogen. Phosphorus is needed. In RNA and DNA formation. And nitrogen is needed for proteins. 

Without those two elements, DNA and cell-membrane proteins cannot form. There must be so much free nitrogen that those chemical compounds can form. Another thing is that if the phosphorus interacts with iron too early, that means it falls into the planet’s core. Another possibility is that. If phosphorus reacts with oxygen. That means it loses its ability to form compounds in RNA and DNA. 

“Young rocky planets begin as roiling oceans of molten rock. As gravity pulls materials into layers, dense metals such as iron sink inward to form the core, while lighter material remains above to become the mantle and, later, the crust. That physical separation is only half the story. At the same time, chemistry is deciding which elements prefer metal and which prefer rock, and oxygen is one of the biggest drivers of that choice.” /ScitechDaily, Life Needs More Than Water: The Missing Clue Scientists Just Discovered)

“If oxygen is scarce during core formation, phosphorus tends to bond with iron and other heavy metals and is dragged down into the core. Once that happens, it is effectively removed from the surface environment where life would need it. If oxygen is too abundant, phosphorus stays in the mantle, but nitrogen becomes more likely to escape into the atmosphere and eventually be lost. In other words, the conditions that protect one life's essential elements can make the other harder to keep.” (ScitechDaily, Life Needs More Than Water: The Missing Clue Scientists Just Discovered)

The environmental stability means that nitrogen and phosphorus must react with the right elements. And that reaction requires that those elements have free points that can touch the right chemicals. If phosphorus reacts with oxygen, that means the phosphorus turns into phosphorus trioxide. Or phosphorus pentoxide. The last compound is an important actor in organic synthesis. 


https://scitechdaily.com/life-needs-more-than-water-the-missing-clue-scientists-just-discovered/



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide

 

The binary star accelerates gamma-rays with a power of over 100 TeV.

“For years, scientists have searched for the sources of the most energetic particles in our galaxy, cosmic rays that carry energies far beyo...