The size matters in cosmological models.

“Two images from the Quijote simulations used in this study. The panels show the same region of the Universe, but in different cosmological models. The top image corresponds. To the standard ΛCDM, adiabatic cold dark matter model, while the bottom image shows a universe with massive neutrinos and modified gravity. “(ScitechDaily, AI Learned the Rules of the Universe and That Became a Problem)

The differences are subtle, but they reveal how changes in the underlying physics can affect the formation and distribution of cosmic structures. Credit: Francisco Villaescusa-Navarro (ScitechDaily, AI Learned the Rules of the Universe and That Became a Problem)

The term ACDM can also mean : the associated critical data model. That is the critical tool, when the sensor. It transmits information to the AI. 

AI can help cosmologists, but it can also become a problem. 

The method researchers call transferable learning can help them develop new models in cosmology and many other things. The term transferable learning. Means when the system learns something. It can apply. That learned thing. To other similar cases. So, when AI sees similar curves in some other cases. It can use things that it has already learned. To that other problem. This means that. The researchers must not always. Begin the training process. From the beginning. 

The AI can search for similarities for the new thing in its memory. And if there is a match. That thing means that the AI. It can use that model for reaction. This should make AI more effective. The problem is this. The AI selects its sources using statistics. And that can make it hard to bring new data for the AI. Old research. They are very often-used sources. If somewhere is the new data. Before, nobody used the new data as a source. Old data dominates search engines. The AI is an excellent tool. When it must collect and analyse data from the galaxy movements. 

But in cases like supermassive neutrons, the AI is in trouble. The AI is the best in business. When it must analyze precise information. Things like galaxy clusters and their movements are precise information. But in cases like supermassive neutrinos. The AI is not very good. At things where it must create models for new physics. When AI must observe phenomena. It can interpret them as the same. Even if they are different. Or in the cases. 

There are some observations. Objects’ temperatures change. The AI might not know that the object’s temperature can change virtually. Because if something travels between the telescope and the object. That means. that the brightness or temperature. That reaches the observer changes. The AI might not notice things like clouds. In the Earth's atmosphere. Or other surprises when it observes some targets like Cepheid variables. If the system doesn’t know about that thing. It can recognize the Cepheid variable as a new star. If it doesn’t know that the star is a Cepheid. 

When AI tries to analyze a certain point. That thing is very hard to do. But when AI must analyze. A very large entirety. The AI becomes more effective. The AI sees things. Like movements of galaxy clusters. And it can make. An analysis of the changes in those movements. We can use fuzzy logic to analyze how the star clusters move in the galaxy. But then we face a problem. If we try to predict. The movement of the galaxy. In its supercluster. That is hard. 

We must know the entire system to make. A complete analysis with high precision. 

The problem is in perspective. The thing that seems large on Earth. Seems very small in the scale of the Sun. And the sun seems very small in the scale of the galaxy. When the scale of the system turns bigger. The forces in the system are also stronger. In big systems. The phenomenon scale is larger. But they affect more slowly. From our perspective. The forces that travel between galaxies take millions of years to reach other galaxies. The distance between the Andromeda galaxy and the Milky Way. It is 2.6 million ly. So light travels 2,6 million years from that galaxy to the Milky Way. And that means that any force traveling between those galaxies needs 2,6 million years for that trip. 

When we try to create a model. Of how one small sand bite behaves in a river. We must know many things. Like changes in the forces that affect the sand bite. But if we want to predict how the sand bottom behaves in the river. We can make that calculation very easily. When we think about galaxies. Stars are like sand bites on the bottom. 

One star’s behavior is hard to predict. But the entirety is quite easy to  calculate. And then we can go to bigger systems. In galactic superclusters, the galaxy is like sandbite on the bottom of the river. The force that affects the entire galaxy. Must be much harder than the force that affects sandbite. But millions of galaxies. They send. A very much. Energy. Many sudden things can happen in the galactic superclusters. Those events might not. Seem.

Like a very sudden thing. But an eruption in the core of the galaxy can start in milliseconds. Shockwave travels across the galaxy at the speed of light. So, if the star is at a distance. Of two light-years from the eruption source. The shockwave of radiation. It travels to that star. So, if Sagittarius A erupts violently in the core of our galaxy, the Milky Way. The radiation travels to Earth 26.000 years. The distance between Earth and that supermassive black hole. It’s 26.000 ly. The material, or plasma shockwaves, travel far behind that radiation shockwave. And the distance between plasma and wave movement increases all the time. 

 But. If things like supermassive black holes are in the trajectory. That makes them collide. That thing is very hard to change. When we face things like galactic superclusters. Things that happen on that scale seem very slow. But forces that put galaxies. To turn their trajectories into travel. At the speed of light. The force. That affects things. Like, turn their trajectories. Must affect a certain time with a certain force. 

If we want to create an AI that analyzes galactic clusters star by star. We cannot make that thing. In the galactic scale, it suddenly happens. Violent eruptions. Those eruptions can break the entire model. In the scale of superclusters, events like supernovas don’t have enough force to affect the macrosystem. But a supernova could destroy things like dwarf galaxies. But if the supernova explosion happens in dense star clusters. That shockwave. Can. Launch other supernova explosions. 

https://scitechdaily.com/ai-learned-the-rules-of-the-universe-and-that-became-a-problem/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*

Einstein’s light cone and five-dimensional spacetime.

“Light cone in 2D space plus a time dimension, more commonly referred to as ‘space time’” (Wikipedia)

The light cone introduces the model. That time focuses information on the hypersurface of the present. But why can't we see into the past or future? Entropy is introduced as the reason for. Why can't we see the future? Or to the past. This means that entropy scatters information into such a small mosaic and twists it. That information exists. But. We cannot collect it into a form. That. We can use it. 

Term spacetime, or. Space time. Means the space and time. “In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum. Spacetime diagrams are useful in visualizing and understanding relativistic effects, such as how different observers perceive where and when events occur.” (Wikipedia, spacetime)

There is a connection between time and space, and Einstein explained that connection by describing time as the fourth dimension. And maybe we should say that the time that travels forward or to the future is the fourth dimension. The arrow of time, as Eddington explains, states that when time moves forward, the arrow of time moves time backward. 

The arrow of time introduces black holes as a place where time appears to travel backward. That means that black holes can be seen as things. That pushes time forward. Time dilation causes that. When. The escape velocity turns higher. Than. The speed of light, time starts to travel backward. 

Above the gravitational pothole is the model of spacetime near the gravitational center. The black hole should turn the walls of the pothole. Through. Each other. That means its gravity field turns information around like a magnifying glass. 

Three versions of our point in relation to the light cone and the metasurface of the present. Each of those models is based on the model that there are five dimensions. Three of those dimensions are in space. And two are in time. 

1) If information focuses on the hypersurface of the present, it can act like an electromagnetic field. If information forms. Some kind. Of “electric arc”. We can be in a bubble. That denies us. From. Seeing the future or the past. That information focus that is behind or in front of us is so “bright” that we cannot see through it. 

2) Another model is that. We aren’t exactly on the information focus. If. We are in a place. Where. The information focus is behind. Or forward to us. That means we cannot see through that point. But the interesting model is that information should. Turn around. When. It travels through the metasurface of the present. 

3) The entropic model is that. Every single particle, or object in the universe. Are on. Its own metasurface of the present. Or, maybe we should say that the metasuface. The present is a complex entirety of structures. This means it's full of information focus points. And those focuses cause very high entropy.  

But. Then we can. Start. To. Think. About. Light cone. This model. Explains that the information focus is at the point of the hypersurface of the present. But are we on the hypersurface of the present? That is an interesting question. The idea is that information focus happens on that hypersurface. When time arrows touch each other, that event forms a structure. That is like when a magnifying glass focuses sunlight. Sometimes it is suggested that the material and the Big Bang formed when the light cone touched the hypersurface of the present. But why can't we see the future? The answer can be in entropy. And another thing is this: Materia is like a frozen electric arc. 

When we think about time dilation. And the hypersurface of the present. Time moves faster. At 30 cm above sea level. We can think. That. If the focus that forms when the light cone focuses information on the hypersurface of the present, the geometrical model of time in our universe is a ball. We are like in the middle of a giant electric arc, which could describe the geometrical model of time in the hypersurface of the present. There are actually three models of time, or how information focuses on the hypersurface. In those models, we are in the middle of a giant bubble, or we are not precise in the metasurface of the present. 

That means there is. Some kind. Of. Time focuses information behind. Or/and forward of us, if we think. That we travel in space from the past to the future. That focus. Denies us. To see the future. Another model is that the hypersurface of the present is not sharp. That means the universe is full of focuses that focus information from the future. And from the past. This is one of the attempts.  To introduce the nature of time or the geometry of time. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation

Researchers split a photon into two pieces.

  Researchers split a photon into two pieces. 

"By splitting a single photon, scientists confirmed that angular momentum is always conserved — a billion-to-one experiment that reinforces the foundations of quantum physics. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Split a Single Photon. Here’s What They Found)

The image above introduces a situation. The wave movement impacts a photon. That thing makes the photon oscillate and send a wave movement. That thing can also split a photon into two pieces. When a photon travels in a quantum network. Transporting information. The system must store information about that photon. 

And after that, the system must also download information from that photon. The very thin wave bites could act like the needle of the gramophone. The system scans the depth of the waves that are on the photon’s surface. The quantum system stores information in those waves. And the number of waves determines how many states the qubit can have. Another determinant is the depth of those waves. 

Researchers at the University of Tampere split a photon into two photons. That thing proved that even photons follow one of the basic rules in physics: the conservation of angular momentum. So, if the system can make photons act like a gyroscope. And keep those photons in the same position, which makes a new advance in photonics and quantum computing. A series of superpositioned and entangled photons can transport information in nanotube-based systems. 

"Schematic of a single photon with zero angular momentum (green) splitting into two photons (red) with either zero or opposite angular momenta (sketched through the spatially varying color), which adds up to zero confirming the fundamental angular momentum conservation law. Credit: Robert Fickler / Tampere University"(ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Split a Single Photon. Here’s What They Found)

Splitting a photon into two photons by aiming a laser beam, or a wave movement through it. It is one of the things that can make quantum networks closer to reality. In a quantum network, information is stored in particles, like photons.  In a quantum network, particles travel and transport information. In a regular network, wave movement acts as an information transporter. 

The problem with the quantum network is this. Those particles that travel in that network. Should not touch anything unexpected. Any field or unexpected error in the quantum network causes a situation. There is information that particle transport can be damaged. The problem with error detection is this. The system cannot detect errors that happen in some quantum line. 

The answer for error detection is to send information using two separate lines. If those lines create identical solutions, the answer is ” probably closer, right than wrong”. In reasonable circuits. The system makes all calculations backward. And if the answer is the original values, the system gives the right answer. But if the system transports information into two lines, it must split that thing into two routes. 

In a quantum network. That requires that the system must create two identical information packs. So, the ability to split photons can be a tool for quantum routers. But the system can use this technology in quantum computers. Splitting photons and putting them into superposition and quantum entanglement is one thing that can make the quantum chips closer to everyday reality. The information that photon also follows the principle of angular momentum is the thing. That can be important for quantum technology. If the system knows when photons “fall” in quantum entanglement, that can improve the quantum system's effectiveness. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-split-a-single-photon-heres-what-they-found/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentum

Black Holes, Dark Matter, and Information.

   Black Holes, Dark Matter, and Information. 

"Artist’s conception of a supermassive black hole, billions of times more massive than the sun, like those found at the centers of galaxies. The black hole’s rapid spin and powerful magnetic fields can launch enormous jets of plasma into space, a process that could potentially generate the same results as human-made supercolliders. Credit: Roberto Molar Candanosa/Johns Hopkins University" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Eye Black Holes as Cosmic Supercolliders in the Hunt for Dark Matter)

At the beginning of time, before our universe, only a G-field, or gravitational field, existed. Then, there formed some kind of whirls in that G-field. Those hypothetical whirls were gravitons. The idea is that the hypothetical graviton particle is a stick-shaped structure, a particle that forms from the quantum field. 

The form of the hypothetical graviton particle could be like tornado. So are the graviton and another hypothetical particle, axion the same thing? The idea is that we cannot see axions because their spin is so fast that it creates fields around them in the shape that looks a little bit like a black hole. 

The idea is that the graviton is so smooth that it cannot take outside fields inside it. And then it starts to transport those fields into its spin axle. So could that thing also explain dark energy? Graviton pulls energy from around it. That particle binds that energy inside in the form of kinetic energy and then aims it to the spin axle. That particle looks like a black hole. The particle collects energy until its energy level turns so high that energy can start to travel outside the particle or quantum field that surrounds it. 

When the mass or kinetic energy of a particle grows, it pulls material and quantum fields from larger areas into it. That thing locks black holes into their form. If that whirl vanishes black hole erupts immediately. That whirl denies the energy escaping from the particle’s or objects' equator. And that is the thing that creates the black hole’s relativistic jet. 

Black holes pull information inside them. Or if we think carefully, black hole rolls information from its environment around its spin axle. That means there is possibility to release that information. There is a question of whether information exists without a physical form. So if we think that information is wave movement, we must ask can information travel without superstrings or does it need superstring for existence. Information will be stored in quantum fields and particles as in curves. That should not be erased even in black holes. Those curves, or “mountains” and “valleys” can turn so low that they are hard to detect. 

But theoretically is possible to restore, or recalculate information that black hole stored. When black hole pulls quantum field, and information that quantum field carries inside it, we can think that the process is similar when something rolls paper around axle. The paper forms the roll, and it's possible to roll that paper from the axle. This is the thing. That makes the black hole collisions interesting. There is a possibility that during those events, the black hole can pull information out from another black hole. And possible somday we could decode that information. 

Researchers uncovered a hidden symphony in a black hole hidden vibrations. And that might help them to read information. That the black hole stored. 

"Black holes don’t just warp space, they sing. And now, for the first time, we’ve figured out what their cosmic echoes really sound like. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Uncover the Spiraling Symphony Hidden in Black Hole Vibrations)

Another interesting thing in the universe are very old, large black holes. The biggest black holes formed in the early universe. Those monsters lost their mass after that. The reason for this is the expansion of the universe. Or, otherwise, weakening quantum fields and decreasing the number of particles. This thing tells. The universe expands. Or does it? There is another explanation for that thing. This very radical theory goes like this: the black hole is a more common phenomenon in the universe than we expected. And the black holes that are “sleeping” simply pull particles and quantum fields inside them. If those black holes exist between galaxies, they are very hard to detect. 

If all electromagnetic fields and particles are formed after the Big Bang, or the beginning of the universe, that means that when black holes pull those fields and particles inside them, there are fewer particles and fields left in the universe. So, can we see that effect as an expansion of the universe? There is a possibility that only the G-field existed before the Big Bang. And that field formed all other quantum fields. But we know that black holes are massive objects. There are black holes between galaxies. And black holes can collact particles to around them. 

That means that the dark matter should interact with black holes. And maybe that thing helps to find things like axions. Axions are hypothetical dark matter particles. Sometimes is introduced that axions are particles that spin very fast. That thing means that the axion can be like a stick or some kind of rugby ball. So, that means that. Maybe near black holes, regular particles could turn into axions. When a particle's spin accelerates, it binds energy into it in the form of kinetic energy. During that process, the outside quantum fields travel to that particle. 

And press it into a smaller size. If we think that particle is a whisk-shaped superstring stucture when outcoming quantum field pushes particle into a smaller size, those superstrings turn closer to each other. If those superstrings turn close enough to each oher. That turns the particle very smooth. And that means the quantum fields travel around the particle. The quantum fields that travel to the particle’s poles will start to travel out from the particle along its spin axis. That thing means that the particle starts stretching. 

And then it starts to transport the quantum field out from its spin axle. If some stick-shaped, fast-spinning particles form black holes, that means that the black hole will not pull things inside it. It just accelerates and aims fields form around it. That thing explains the black hole relativistic jet. That causes the idea. That maybe hypothetical gravitons are axions. Maybe. The graviton is like a tornado in the G-field.  As I wrote at the beginning of this text. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mysterious-radio-signals-reveal-whats-hiding-between-galaxies/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-eye-black-holes-as-cosmic-supercolliders-in-the-hunt-for-dark-matter/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-uncover-the-spiraling-symphony-hidden-in-black-hole-vibrations/

https://scitechdaily.com/webb-telescope-spots-oldest-black-hole-shattering-cosmic-records/

Can we trust AI?

   Can we trust AI? 

Artificial intelligence is a tool that doesn't create information from emptiness. That means the AI uses data and information that already exists. If something or somebody changes information from the data sources that the AI uses, the AI gives wrong answers. The AI can use old-fashioned information. In the same way, a human can take an old book of facts from the shelf. 

That is one thing that we must remember. The second thing is that most AI chatbots are owned by companies whose purpose is to bring profits for their owners. That causes a situation where some of the answers that the AI gives are customer-friendly. That means they are made to please customers, or people who pay for those chatbot services. 

However, one of the most important aspects of using AI is that it is actually utilized incorrectly. But the question is, why is it used? Because it makes work more effective. That means people who work with the AI assistants have no time to think and check the answers that the AI gives. The prime focus in AI use is that it makes people do more work. 

The modern business ecosystem has evolved over time, when all products were physical. That means the business ecosystem measures the effectiveness of the worker by simply calculating the number of work performances in a time unit. And that means the number of code lines that a programmer makes determines how effective that person is. And that means there is no time to analyze and think about the product that the AI makes. 

This is the problem with AI. It makes people more effective, and it should leave time to make analyses about the product. But the problem is that if the AI allows the person to work at double speed, that gives the company leaders the opportunity to fire half the workers. That decreases costs. 

When we talk about how AI makes things less effectively than a top-level programmer, we can find one very interesting question. If we analyze that argument closely, we face the claim that all programmers are top-level specialists. All programmers are top-level specialists. And another thing is that some workplaces are so hurried that they have no time to advise junior programmers. Sometimes old workers think that the young comrade is a competitor, and that makes the workplace atmosphere poisonous. 

The person might not dare to ask for advice from workmates. And that causes firing. The thing is that the AI is a tool that can help people. But we must remember that this tool allows us to analyze and think about new possibilities, only if we give it that chance. But we must have time and willingness to check the data that the AI gives. And if we see the AI only as a tool that allows us to cut the personnel costs, that is not the way to make our working life easier. 

If we just copy-paste texts that the AI makes. And don't even try to analyze that data, we don't increase trustworthiness in the company. That means we deliver the decisions to the AI. AI can also use old-fashioned datasets. Or it can use fake or falsified data. That means the AI makes mistakes in the same way as humans. It simply takes the wrong book from the shelf, and then that causes destruction or catastrophe. 

The AI is not immune to fake information. The problem with propaganda home pages is that their page rank are raised by drumming it with net queries. That makes those homepages easier to find. The problem with those pages is this: they use .com or some other neutral terminal identifiers. So, those homepages are not easy to connect to China or Russia. They are operated from servers that are in Western countries. The operators use a remote control to control those servers that operate in Western sockets. 

If the AI uses regular web browsing applications, that means it can select a propaganda page. The popular pages are always at the top of the page lists. And that thing means that the AI selects popular homepages. That decreases the AI's trustworthiness. The AI requires training. That training means that the users must set limits on what kind of sources those systems use. 

Is the universe made of information?

Is the universe made of information?

Information exists only if we detect it.  But maybe we should call for information. That involves deliberate information as data. Deliberate information exists only if we detect it. 

The fact is that this thing depends on the way we think about information. We can think that all physical things are information. Or we can think. That information is an abstraction that makes something visible. Things like quantum technology are opening the vision about information as separated from material or physical particles. 

The physical particle can carry information. And then we can face things like electromagnetism as the information carriers. The electromagnetic field can carry information, or, in wave-particle duality, the electromagnetic field can transform or condense into a particle. 

Or a particle can turn into the electromagnetic field. That happens in annihilation. Information is independent of direct observation. We know that there are things like eagles, even if we don't see one of them ourselves. Another person can tell us that thing. So, in that case, the medium actor lets us know that there is something called an eagle. And if that person is inaccurate enough, we can even believe that there are eagles on Earth. Eagle is bird and they live somewhere, even if we don't see them. 

The question is, will the universe be a form of information? There is a lot of information about the universe. The thing is that the universe is like Schrödinger's cat. It forms of information and it doesn't form of information. The thing is this. We must determine the information before we can answer that question. If we want that information to mean something, that means the universe is not formed of information. But if information doesn't need to mean anything, that means information forms the universe. 

But if the information must make sense, the universe involves only meaningless oscillations and waves. So when we talk about things like black holes, we talk about information. That vanishes. Or, we talk about information that slides through the event horizon. In that case, the information means the particles and quantum fields that slide into the black hole. That means a black hole collects information, but we cannot reach it through the event horizon. 

The information is substantial, or substance. That means the existence of information depends on the information itself. The material is not a substance because its existence depends on the universe and quantum fields. Without those things, Materia turns into wave movement. But information doesn't need even the universe to exist. If some civilization can exist after the ultimate end of the universe, that civilization has knowledge of the universe. They have information about their past. And they can talk about the universe even if they didn't see it themselves. 

They can make clones of animals that lived in the universe. But for that work, those creatures require physical things. So, information itself cannot make anything. It can interact with the physical universe through sockets. Those sockets can be the DNA molecules that contain information. Those sockets or tensors that connect information with the physical world can be the bits in the computer's mass memory. 

But a computer cannot turn that information into a physical form. Without robots. Robots are tensors that allow computers to turn abstraction into reality. Materia can be destroyed. But information lives forever. Theoretical information can be reorganized into a new form. 

There must be some information stored in the system that the system can sort data into a new form. In human brains, memory cells are like the net eye. They can sort information from those cells into a new form with a very high accuracy. The reason for that is that there are so many small information dots that the brain can put into a new order. And the number of those memory dots determines how accurate that image is. The information can make sense. But that information must not have a match in the real world. 

Or, we just don't find that sense from the captured information. Or maybe we should call that thing signals. But are signals physical things? Maybe, maybe not. That means we capture radio signals from space that involve information about reactions in distant worlds. 

Is some other, intelligent civilization behind some of those radio signals? 

The answer is this: researchers have not detected any confirmed messages from another civilization. 

Or a shorter version is: nobody knows. There might be many messages that mean deliberate information. But researchers and AI don't detect those messages from natural radio signals. That means the search continues. And we are alone until we get an answer. We get an answer only if there is a message that comes from a confirmed alien source. Until that silence continues and the answer remains open. 

That is the problem with things like language science and especially the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, SETI. That means we might have billions of alien messages. But we cannot detect the information that those signals involve. 

Because. We don't know anything about the information systems that they have. So we cannot separate those messages from the cosmic background. That is one version of the theories why we don't have alien contact. That model goes like this. They cannot detect our messages, as we cannot detect their messages. And maybe we should be glad about that possibility. 

We call virtual information imagination. That information can seem very reasonable, like a human who walks on air. We know that thing is impossible, but in the virtual world in our brains, those things might seem very reasonable. Or at least we see those things while we sleep. 

In the human body, neurons connect information with physical things. Neurons use information to control muscles and other things. The information that we get exists only if we detect it. If we don't detect that information, it doesn't exist to us.