About dark energy. And its existence.

"Astronomers say a new analysis has reinforced one of the most important discoveries in modern cosmology, finding that the universe is still expanding at an accelerating rate."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

"The result counters a controversial claim made in late 2025 that suggested dark energy, the mysterious phenomenon thought to drive the universe’s accelerating expansion, might be weakening. If true, that claim would have called into question decades of research and a cornerstone of modern astronomy."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

Astronomers confirmed dark energy. And that means the universe’s expansion continues to accelerate. So, dark energy will not turn weaker. It’s possible that because the gravitational effect between objects decreases. And the relation between gravity and dark energy changes. This means that the gravitational effect turns weaker. And the dark energy effect turns stronger. The fact is that. Also, visible energy interacts with structures in the universe. And at the beginning of the universe. Objects were closer. But things like plasma and energy were “denser”. 

So, that means that the energy effect in the young universe was stronger than in the modern universe. Dark energy is a wave motion. That originates in the unknown. There is suspicion that dark energy has its origin. In the particles, superstrings. The superstring forms a whisk-shaped structure. 

The expansion of the universe puts that structure to oscillate. Those superstrings´ oscillation. It forms a wave movement that they transmit around the universe. In that model, the dark energy is a wave movement. Its origin is in very small particles. The number of those particles is in this model. A very high. And that explains the effect of dark energy. It is visible only in relation to the large-scale structures. 

So, could those particles that form dark energy be photons? Photons are the ring- or a donut-shaped structure. And that means photons could focus energy. In the middle of it. In that case, the photon could focus energy. Like the Higgs field in the middle of it. That point. It can turn into a quantum-sized quasar. This means that the photon. It can theoretically form. 

The quantum-size Kugelblitz black hole. In the middle of it. There is a possibility that a photon traps a neutrino in the middle of it. And electromagnetic radiation affects that photon. Or the neutrino spins very fast. That thing can turn a neutrino into a quantum-sized black hole. And that could be a source. For dark energy. In some other models, A wave string travels. Through a photon. That string. It can act as the thermal pump that transports energy out from the photon. If that happens fast enough. The photon turns invisible. And it collects energy for that thermal pump. 

This means that dark energy must have an internal source in our universe. But before we see a particle that transmits dark energy. We cannot be sure what that strange force is. That rips the universe in pieces. This means that dark energy is formed when the universe is born in the Big Bang. The problem is this. If. The level of dark energy is always the same. 

And the universe expands. This means that. The dark energy. It does not have a connection. With the Big Bang. The energy level. The amount of dark energy should decrease when the universe expands. If that energy was released from the Big Bang or some ancient particles, send it. Before they turned into some existing elementary particles. If the source of the dark energy is lost. That energy should turn weaker. And that causes an interesting idea. 

The image of a photon. 

What if the source of dark energy is outside the universe? Things like antimatter-matter annihilation outside the universe. It can be the source of dark energy. 

This means that. It’s possible that there are some kind of radiation sources. People tried to explain dark energy. As evidence of a multiverse. In this theory, dark energy has a source. In other universes. In some other model. The dark energy forms when a hypothetical tachyon particle enters our universe. The entropy and scattering effects outside the universe are very low. 

So, these particles can travel faster. Than. They travel in the universe. This means that a tachyon is a particle that travels faster than it should. So when some particle comes from outside the universe. In the universe. That particle can travel faster. Than. It can travel in the universe. This causes an effect. The particle must slow its speed. The particle must release its energy. For slowing. This means that dark energy. It can be some kind of Cherenkov radiation. 

Cherenkov radiation forms when. A neutron comes out of a nuclear reactor. In a short moment, that particle travels faster than light travels in water. The neutron must slow its speed. And it sends a blue light shockwave. The same thing makes the sky blue. When a neutrino or electron hits the atmosphere. It travels faster than light does in the atmosphere. And this means. Those particles release their kinetic energy as the blue light flash. 

But if dark energy is some kind of Cherenkov radiation. That doesn’t mean that the source of those particles is in the other universes. The dark energy is visible only between galaxy superclusters. All galaxies have halos around them. That means that. The galaxies might be surrounded by a similar plasma halo that forms a heliopause around the Sun. The plasma bubble or standing impact wave. Forms when solar wind impacts stellar wind. The stellar wind. It is the particle flow from other stars. 

In the same way, galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters are probably surrounded by impact waves that form. When particle flow from other structures impacts the particle flow. That comes from galaxies in our clusters and superclusters. If those impact waves exist. They would be denser points in the universe. This means that. Scattering effect. It is stronger in that structure. This means that. The speed of light in that plasma wave is a little bit lower. 

The speed of light in and outside those plasma bubbles. So when a particle impacts that plasma bubble. It releases its energy into that plasma wave. This means the energy that the slowing particle sends. Continues as a wave in that plasma halo. This causes an effect. The plasma ball sends energy. Into the middle of it. This means. That this oscillating plasma interacts like a vacuum bomb. The energy that the plasma ball sends inside it. Reflects back. And that can mean that the plasma balls are the source of that mysterious energy. 

Or maybe particles that travel through wormholes. Are. The source of dark energy. The wormhole. It is a hypothetical energy tunnel. Through space and time. The energy level of those particles is higher than it should be. And they should release their energy. In the form of some kind of radiation.If there is no entropy in front of the particle that travels in a wormhole. Nothing limits its speed.  In the same way as when high-energy particles come out from galaxy superclusters, they send energy to space that is at a lower energy level than they are. 

Sometimes it is suggested that the dark matter particles form dark energy. When they evaporate. This would be an interesting idea. But nobody has seen dark matter. 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1131610

https://www.msn.com/en-us/science/astronomy/astronomers-debunk-controversial-study-confirm-universe-still-expanding-at-accelerating-rate/ar-AA25tzft

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260612032030.htm

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-confirm-dark-energy-after-shock-challenge-rocked-cosmology/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://spaceeyenews.com/dark-energy-acceleration-confirmed/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Primordial black holes, magnetic fields. And traveling black holes.

“Artist’s illustration of two black holes orbiting each other. Credit: Carl Knox, OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology. Scientists believe an unusual LIGO detection may be evidence of a primordial black hole, potentially linking these long-theorized objects to the mystery of dark matter.” (ScitechDaily, Mysterious Cosmic Signal Could Be First Real Evidence of Primordial Black Holes)

Dark Energy. Primordial black holes, magnetic fields. And traveling black holes. 

When two black holes collide. Their acceleration disks cross each other. That event causes a very high-energy gamma-ray burst. Same way. When the black hole material jets impact. That impact sends high-energy radiation. It is introduced that the dark energy source is in the black hole wind. High-energy particles that black holes accelerate. Impact outside galaxies. And those impacts. Causes very high energy radiation. The reason why we cannot see those impacts is that. 

The light in galaxies and quasars covers those short-term flashes below them. And that thing can mean. Dark energy is extremely short-term gamma-ray flashes outside galaxies and quasars. But that is one new model. This means that dark energy does not exist. As an independent energy form. That can be so weak gamma-rays that we simply cannot detect that radiation. Because of a supermassive black hole. And black holes in our own galaxy cover those short-term flashes under their gamma-ray shine. 

"A new analysis argues that the standard cosmological model may be fundamentally unstable, raising questions about whether dark energy is really needed to explain the universe’s accelerating expansion. Credit: SciTechDaily.com." (ScitechDaily, A Universe Without Dark Energy? Mathematicians Challenge Standard Cosmology)

In theories, at the beginning of the universe, black holes formed. Those black holes could form straight from the radiation. That means. Those primordial black holes can be the “Kugelblitz” black holes. But there is another thing. That could form those cosmic monsters. The whirl in some energy field, like a gravitational field. It can start to pack dark matter particles into one point. That means that. Dark matter particles can play a vital role in the formation of dark matter. 

The strange radiation.  It can be the first observation about the primordial black holes. Primordial black holes can be the first supermassive-scale black holes. And the thing that makes those monsters so large and powerful is the universe’s expansion. When the universe expands. The size of the acceleration disk grows. And its energy level decreases. When the universe’s energy level decreases. That means that. The force that presses against the acceleration disk decreases. And that causes the expansion of the accretion disk. Because the energy level in the acceleration disk is lower. That lets black holes’ event horizon expand. 

And the black hole requires a larger accretion disk. To stay in form. The acceleration disk is the thing. That keeps the black hole in the form. If that disk does not exist. The black hole starts to lose matter. And that makes the black hole evaporate in seconds. The acceleration disk is the thing. That denies a black hole. To send matter or energy out from it. A black hole exists as long as the accretion disk’s energy level is higher. Than the space inside the event horizon. When the space inside the event horizon turns higher than the environment. That makes the black hole evaporate. 

“Visualization of gas flows around a binary protostar system calculated by ATERUI III. The gas shown in red orbits around one of the two protostars. The gas shown in blue orbits around the combined binary system. The gas shown in green is being expelled from the system. And it is carrying away angular momentum. The present research shows that the magnetic field plays an important role in expelling gas and angular momentum. Credit: Matsumoto, Hotokezaka, Inayoshi 2026” (ScitechDaily, Magnetic Fields May Solve a Longstanding Binary Star Mystery)

The magnetic fields can bring black holes and newborn stars together. And maybe those fields tell more about the reason why binary stars are so common. In binary star systems, the other star replaces the planetary system. But there are observations that binary star systems involve planets. But it is possible that binary stars can capture rogue planets. That can orbit those stars or even black hole pairs from  long distances. 

Binary stars can be the first step to forming supermassive black holes. Supermassive black holes require enough material and energy. That they can form. The magnetic fields can also play a role in cases. Where black holes start to move. The magnetic field. Along with the gravity sling. It can put. Particles move extremely fast. 

The fastest known black hole wind travels across the universe with 30% of the speed of light.

But there is a possibility. That another black hole pushes the smaller black hole into motion. 

The effect that puts the supermassive object into motion can be another black hole. Or some kind of anomaly in the fields around it. The weaker point in the field can cause a situation. The black hole . It starts to travel in that direction. The hole can be any of the four fundamental forces: gravity or electromagnetism. 

“An artist’s impression of a quasar. The black dot in the center represents the supermassive black hole at the center of the quasar. The red-and-yellow spiral surrounding it shows the disc of hot gas falling into the black hole. Some of this gas is ejected as the quasar’s wind, which is shown in light blue. The size of the disc shown is comparable to the size of our Solar System. Credit: NASA/CXC/M. Weiss, Nahks Tr’Ehnl, Nurten Filiz Ak” (ScitechDaily,Record-Breaking Black Hole Wind Blasts Through Space at 30% the Speed of Light)

Or in the weak and strong nuclear force. The most logical guess is that the anomaly is the magnetic field. The hole in the magnetic field causes a situation. The magnetic field causes asymmetry in the black hole's halo or its accretion disk. If that acceleration disk separates from the black hole’s event horizon. Or it's pressure form against the event horizon changes. 

That thing can cause a situation. That black hole. It will start. To travel across the universe. Another reason for traveling black holes can be found. In the gravity slings. The gravity sling between a supermassive and stellar-mass black hole. When a supermassive black hole impacts a stellar mass black hole. That can cause a situation. The supermassive black hole slings its lighter companion through the universe. 

The gravitational sling was used. In the Voyager missions. The planets like Jupiter and Saturn. Gravitational fields. Accelerated those probes to such a high speed. That they can travel outside the solar system. If a stellar-mass black hole travels through the supermassive black hole’s gravitational field. That supermassive black hole can sling it through the universe with incredible speed. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-universe-without-dark-energy-mathematicians-challenge-standard-cosmology/

https://scitechdaily.com/magnetic-fields-may-solve-a-longstanding-binary-star-mystery/

https://scitechdaily.com/mysterious-cosmic-signal-could-be-first-real-evidence-of-primordial-black-holes/

https://scitechdaily.com/record-breaking-black-hole-wind-blasts-through-space-at-30-the-speed-of-light/

Dark energy and star formation.

"This Is the Entire Universe Squeezed into One Image" (Space.com)

Accelerating expansion of the universe doesn’t necessarily mean that dark energy exists. The expansion causes the effect that the gravity turns weaker relative to the other four fundamental forces. But if the energy level in the universe is stable relative to the gravity. That means that. The energy source can be in matter or particles. That evaporates or turns into wave movement.  Another thing that could explain the static energy field is an outside energy source. And that causes the thought about the existence of other universes. 

Another dark energy source. It can be. In the galaxy filament. When those megastructures accelerate and slow. Those structures bind and release extra energy. Spinning protons and electrons in atomic hydrogen can accelerate and slow. Those particles are in a Bose-Einstein condensate state. That means those particles can be closed. In. The united quantum field. When some GRBs hit those fields, they send energy through the galaxy filament. Those waves can also explain dark energy. 

Could the Doppler effect, or redshift, explain dark energy? When objects are separating, redshift stretches the wavelength. That means it's possible that the red light. Turns into infrared radiation. Also. Infrared can turn into radio waves. And gamma-rays can turn into X-rays. Blueshift means that. When objects are closing. The wavelength turns shorter. But also things. Like gravitational fields, other radiation fields affect the wavelength. This means that. Part of the cosmic microwave background could have an origin as the infrared radiation. That redshift stretches. 

In some other model. The Bose-Einstein condensate. The state can cause an effect. That makes protons and neutrons turn so large that quarks inside them can drive quantum fields between them. That effect can cause quantum-size electric arcs between those quarks. And that thing can turn the particle invisible. And waves. Those impacts form. It could be a source of dark energy. But. The Doppler effect between separating particles may turn visible light into infrared radiation. 

The blueshift can also transform infrared into shorter-wavelength radiation. The IR radiation has the most effective radiation effect. If. Radiation transforms into radio waves. Or visible light, which means the radiation's effect on matter turns lower. 

We can say that dark energy. Is. Free energy that whirls around material. That free energy rips the universe into pieces. The reason why the acceleration of the universe accelerates. Is that. The gravitational effect between objects. Turns weaker. Because their distance grows. But. Things like quantum fields are also turning weaker. This means that quantum fields cannot transport energy. So strongly that quantum fields transported energy in the young universe. Without those fields, there is no movement. Even gravity waves cannot move in weak quantum fields. 

In some models. There is a shockwave. That formed during the Big Bang around the universe. The thing. That supports this shockwave is that, without that shockwave. The universe should collapse immediately. The shockwave will not travel at the speed of light. Because. The universe’s gravity pulls it back. This shockwave requires that something resists the escaping energy and matter. 

Then we can look at the time cone. And ask one interesting question: can we say that the universe could be like an electric arc? This means that the information focus can be in the metasurface of the present. Then two energy flows. Or. Maybe two arrows of time, impacted. That thing caused a shockwave that could form a vacuum. Forward. Of expanding material. That means there may be a so-called cosmic vacuum around the universe. 

If. Radiation crosses that type of vacuum. Its wavelength turns longer. In the same way. The universe’s own gravity fields. Stretch radiation. So. That means. Redshift. Forms infrared radiation in the universe. When we think about redshift and blueshift, that means that objects move against each other. Blueshift means. The wavelength of radiation turns shorter. When. Objects travel. To. Each other. In the universe, most objects. Like galactic megaclusters are traveling away from each other. This means that there is more red light in the universe than blue light. That means there is more infrared radiation in the universe than there should be. The redshift can pull red visible light into the infrared area. 

"A graphical representation of the expansion of the universe from the Big Bang to the present day, with the inflationary epoch represented as the dramatic expansion seen on the left. This visualization shows only a section of the universe; the empty space outside the diagram should not be taken to represent empty space outside the universe (which does not necessarily exist)." (Wikipedia, Expansion of the universe)

In. The same way. Redshift pulls gamma-rays into the X-ray area. And a black hole can stretch gamma rays into the IR- or even radio area. That slide is possible in the extreme gravitational field. The gravity field also stretches radiation. This means that things like gravity fields can transform visible light into the infrared or even radio waves. This means that it's possible that. Dark energy is energy that forms when other energy forms. Or radiation wavelength stretches through the electromagnetic spectrum. That means the radiation that travels through the infrared area affects. Like. Infrared radiation in the moment. It is spent. In. The electromagnetic spectrum’s infrared area. 

Redshift affects across the electromagnetic spectrum. Things like gravity fields stretch light. This means that redshift can also turn part of the infrared radiation into microwaves or radio waves. So. Maybe the secret of dark energy. It is in. The redshift, the Doppler effect. That removes part of the infrared radiation from the universe. This happens because black holes and separating objects stretch radiation. Maybe. The origin of the 3K radiation is in a situation. The Doppler effect. Turns the wave movement longer. The fact is that the Doppler effect or redshift affects all kinds of radiation. 

When we think about dark matter and dark energy, it’s possible that if the level of dark energy in the universe stays stable. And the gravity effect turns lower. This can cause acceleration. Of. The expansion of the universe. So, in that model, dark energy can be virtual. When. Energy in the universe stays stable because of matter. Like. Particles turn into radiation or wave movement. When. The relations of the four fundamental forces change. That. It can look like dark energy. 

"A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths" (Wikipedia, Electromagnetic spectrum)

Does the star formation continue in the cooling universe? 

When we look at the image of the universe, we can see that galaxies are mainly located near the “shell” of the universe. That means that if a shockwave is traveling outward, it creates whirls. Those whirls form black holes and then stars. The existence of the shockwave that formed during the Big Bang explains why we cannot see other universes. Another thing that this ancient shockwave explains is why there are galaxies, and why those galaxies are like they are. So the chain for star formation is this: 

1) First, it forms the black hole. 

2) That black hole forms a quasar. 

3) Then, the quasar pulls gas and later dust around it. 

4) Star formation begins when the energy level turns low enough. And conditions are stable enough.

5) Star formation ends in a galaxy when all hydrogen is used.  

"Artist's illustration showing the life of a massive star: Nuclear fusion converts lighter elements into heavier ones; when fusion no longer generates enough pressure to counteract gravity, the star collapses into a black hole. During this collapse, energy may be released as a momentary burst of gamma-rays aligned to the axis of rotation." (Wikipedia,Gamma-ray burst)

The star forms in a whirl in the galactic nebula. The whirl collects matter from around it and starts to condense into a star. So, as long as galaxies can form, the star formation continues. But someday in the future, the matter in the universe turns so thin that star formation stops. In galaxies, star formation stops when all hydrogen is used. As. A star’s energy source. Or black holes pull all material inside them. Star formation can also end if the entropy destroys the whirl. The star starts to form. 

This thing happens only in old galaxies. When. Galaxy formation ends. That causes the end of the star formation. Some day. In the future. Star formation ends. When matter turns too thin, there is no possibility of forming stars. 

 In a young universe, stars might. Also, be from outside the galaxies. That happens even today, but those stars turn very massive. The reason for that thing. Is that. There is no interference. Like star wind.  Or the radiation of the supermassive black hole. Also. Gravitation can destroy a protostar. If a protostar. It is too close to another star. A black hole. Or white dwarf. Those things. Can destroy it. Before. The fusion starts. 

When the universe’s expansion continues, the gravitational effect between galaxies turns weaker. The quantum field between objects turns weaker. This means energy travels out from particles, and that increases free energy in the universe.  That increases entropy. But. Otherwise, weaker quantum fields around galaxies and a colder universe make that free energy weaker. The interactions between mass centers. Like galaxies are complicated. The weaker energy fields and expanding universe mean that the scattering effect turns weaker. 

Same way. Redshift between objects turns stronger. Redshift means that there is more infrared radiation than should be. Redshift or the Doppler effect means that the spectrum. Turns red. That means red visible light can stretch into infrared. Infrared can turn into microwaves or radio waves. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/stars-form-within-expanding-universe/

https://www.space.com/31517-entire-universe-squeezed-one-image.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_filament

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

Can the universe's expansion really slow down?

"Evidence suggests the universe’s expansion has started to slow, not accelerate. The results imply dark energy is weakening and evolving faster than previously believed. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (Scitechdaily, Evidence suggests the universe’s expansion has started to slow, not accelerate. The results imply dark energy is weakening and evolving faster than previously believed. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Evidence suggests the universe’s expansion has started to slow, not accelerate. The results imply dark energy is weakening and evolving faster than previously believed. Credit: SciTechDaily.com)

The new evidence suggests that dark energy also becomes weaker. That is one of the reasons why researchers start to think that the universe’s expansion might be slowing. This means that Einstein was only partially right. Einstein’s model suggests that dark energy has a constant, or static, power. But if dark energy is released during the Big Bang, that means the universe’s expansion causes a situation where the same dark energy must fill a larger universe. And that thing means. That dark energy turns weaker. Like all other interactions. 

Turn weaker. So can gravity win, and cause the Big Crunch? Gravity also turns weaker. That means. The expansion of the universe. Makes dark energy advance. Because distances between objects increase. This is one way to predict the ultimate fate of the universe. But if we think. That Einstein was right and the dark energy is static and constant, which means the origin of the dark energy is outside the universe. If dark energy forms outside the universe, that means there should be some kind of wave movement. 

Dark energy means. Free energy that should rip the universe in pieces. There is a possibility that dark energy. It can also have some kind of interaction with dark matter. Dark matter means. A strange gravitational effect that is the second-dominating thing in the universe. Dark matter can have a particle form. Those hypothetical particles called weakly interacting massive particles WIMPs are suggested as the things that can form dark matter. In that model, dark energy forms. During dark matter particle interactions.

What is the role of cosmic voids in dark energy and dark matter? 

But maybe dark matter. Form in entropy in energy, or quantum fields. When the universe expands, its size grows. That forms more space between particles. And then. That space makes it possible. That there form whirls and bubbles in those fields. Those bubbles are like miniature cosmic voids. And if there is some void, that means the energy field starts to fall into it. The four fundamental interactions. Gravity, electromagnetism. And weak and strong nuclear interactions. Have particle and wave movement forms. The wavelength of those interactions determines which force the wave movement transports. So, every fundamental interaction has its own wavelength. It’s possible that there forms some kind of vacuum in some of those four interactions. 

That means. If there are no weak nuclear force fields. That destroys the atomic nucleus. So do the cosmic voids, like the Boötes void, have some kind of connection with dark energy? The question is: What causes dark energy to move?  Things like cosmic voids are areas where it seems to be no matter. There is a possibility that those voids form when the universe expands. If the expansion rips an energy field in the universe. That can form the cosmic void. 

But another reason for cosmic voids can be. Some extremely high-energy reaction. That forms a shockwave that creates the void. But there is also a possibility that the cosmic void forms in situations. Where some of the four fundamental interactions are missing in some areas. If the strong interaction, as an example, is missing, that thing rips protons and neutrons in pieces. So can the bubble that forms. As an example, in a strong nuclear force field. That destroys protons and neutrons. Or maybe. The relationship between the strong nuclear interaction. Pushing and pulling effects are disturbing. This can cause the material to rip into pieces. If there is a strong radiation effect, the wavelength is the same as the size of the quarks, which can also break protons and neutrons into pieces. 

https://scitechdaily.com/is-einsteins-cosmological-constant-wrong-new-data-suggests-dark-energy-is-evolving/

https://scitechdaily.com/is-the-universe-slowing-down-stunning-new-evidence-says-yes/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-einstein-was-only-half-right-nasas-new-test-for-dark-energy/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boötes_Void

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

Can the mythical fifth force explain why dark matter is invisible?

"Researchers are testing whether dark matter obeys the same rules as visible matter or if a hidden force influences the unseen structure of the Universe. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Is Dark Matter Controlled by a Secret “Fifth Force”?)

There is a possibility. That's the dark matter strange form. That makes it invisible to our sensors is from the mythic fifth force. Today. The fifth force is a hypothetical interaction. The Muon g-2 anomaly in Fermilab and Brookhaven gave hope that this force could be true. Those anomalies were real. The thing. What caused those anomalies? It is a mystery. The anomaly is so weak. That it fits between the predicted values. So those results are contradictory. But it's possible that those results are a hint about the fifth force. 

It's also possible that dark matter is a source of dark energy. So, are dark energy and the fifth force the same thing? Nobody knows. 

The new measurements tell. There can be some other interactions between visible and dark matter. But those interactions are so weak. That they disappear under the glow of visible material. Mystic gamma-ray glow in the center of the Milky Way can form in cases when the supermassive black hole Sgr A* packs dark matter, or hypothetical dark matter particles, weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, in a small area. 

There, those particles can form. High-energy interaction. We can see that thing as the gamma-ray glow. That means dark matter can have similar interactions. As visible matter. But those particles are somehow different. That visible matter covers those dark matter interactions under it. It’s possible that WIMP is a very small high-energy particle. That we cannot detect. It’s possible that WIMP. And the graviton, the hypothetical gravitational transportation particle, is the same thing. But that is only one hypothesis. 

If dark matter doesn’t defy gravity, we must ask what makes that matter existent? That’s the gravity effect of that strange, unseen thing. There is a possibility. The dark matter is particles. Like some kind of quarks. Sometimes. It is theorized about. The possibility that dark matter particles, hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, are somehow similar to quarks.

But they have no ability. To form more complicated particle groups. Like hadrons. That means. There must be some kind of force that keeps those, still hypothetical particles, separated. The fact is that. If two similar particles have the same energy level. That forms a standing wave between them. And that pushes particles away from each other. 

There is a possibility that those particles send some kind of energy. which forms quantum-size electric arcs between them. That means WIMPs can explain the dark energy. So maybe dark energy form. When those hypothetical WIMP particles send energy when they impact each other. Or maybe the cases where WIMP turns into wave movement are the thing. That releases the energy that it stored. And maybe, we see that energy as dark energy. 

If the WIMP is a particle that is surrounded by a so-called standing wave that makes it is unable to reflect radiation. In some theories. That WIMP is a quantum-sized black hole. And energy slides into its spin axle. The WIMP condenses the energy fields and forms a thing that we can call dark energy. 

Above: The Fermilab results of the Muon g-2 anomaly in 2025. We can see that the results of the Muon magnetic field observations are minimally out of the range. That means Muon g-2 test results can be explained by the conditions of the test and measurement tools. But those anomalies still exist. 

But then we can ask what the fifth force is. Sometimes people say that the fifth force is the antigravity. There must be some kind of particle that transmits gravity waves. That hypothetical particle. Called graviton waits for its finder. Some theories claim that the graviton and WIMP are the same thing. And the thing that forms that particle is the quantum-sized black hole. The idea is that this particle can have a transition disk and a relativistic beam. like full-size black holes. 

Those things are so small that we cannot see them. There is the possibility that. Because those small black holes have a transition disk. That thing pushes them. Away from each other. There is a possibility that quantum gravity is not the same as full-size gravity. And in some models, dark energy is the antigravity, the energy that fills the gravity waves, or energy valleys between those waves. The fifth force could have its origin in the WIMPs that stored too much energy. 

"A mysterious gamma-ray light from the center of our galaxy may be the long-sought sign of dark matter. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, A Strange Glow in the Milky Way May Be Our First Glimpse of Dark Matter)

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

The expansion of the universe means that if dark energy formed during the Big Bang, the expansion should make dark energy weaker. When the universe expands. And there is the same amount of dark energy. That means the dark energy should turn weaker, because it must fill a larger space. 

Another possibility is that the universe leaks. Dark energy is a wave movement that should travel at the speed of light. That means dark energy can travel out of the universe before particles. So if dark energy travels out from the universe, and there is no dark energy that comes from outside the universe. That means there is less dark energy left in the universe. 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Maybe. One of the reasons for that is the expansion of the universe. But if we think that the universe’s expansion causes the dark energy to turn stronger. We face an interesting research. That research tells us that the universe’s expansion is slowing. That challenges the established theories that dark energy is stable. If dark energy formed in the Big Bang. That means it should advance. When the universe expands. 

The domination of the four known fundamental interactions changes. First, the strong nuclear force was dominating. Then the weak nuclear force. Electromagnetism. And then gravitation. Now dominating is a strange dark energy. When particle distances grow. There is more free energy between them. Dark energy is free energy that rips the universe. That’s the simple model. 

The complicated model is. Dark energy turns weaker. As well as. The other four interactions. In this mode. The universe leaks energy away from it. So, if dark energy travels out from the universe faster than it expands. Dark energy travels at the speed of light. And matter behind it travels slower. That means dark energy can exit the universe before any particle. That means dark energy should also turn weaker. 

The universe's expansion turns it larger. And if all dark energy is released from the Big Bang, that means the expansion of the universe should turn dark energy weaker, because there is a static amount of dark energy to fill a larger universe. So, even if dark energy does not escape from the universe before matter, that means dark energy turns weaker anyway. 

https://news.fnal.gov/2025/06/muon-g-2-most-precise-measurement-of-muon-magnetic-anomaly/

https://phys.org/news/2025-11-dark-defy-gravity.html

https://scitechdaily.com/a-strange-glow-in-the-milky-way-may-be-our-first-glimpse-of-dark-matter/

https://scitechdaily.com/is-dark-matter-controlled-by-a-secret-fifth-force/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-einstein-was-only-half-right-nasas-new-test-for-dark-energy/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-will-end-in-a-big-crunch-physicists-warns/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_force

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_g-2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

When black holes merge. Can black holes explain dark energy?

When black holes merge. Can black holes explain dark energy? 

When we think about gravity. And black holes' movement when they merge. We can ask: can this effect explain dark energy? Or dark matter, or both of them. When black holes merge, they orbit each other before they collide. Gravity is the thing that causes curvature in space and time. That curvature means that the gravity field compresses other energy fields when it pulls them into a black hole. All black holes are surrounded by a transition, or material disk. Those material disks are the most high-energy objects in the universe. When black holes close. With each other. Those material disks start to repel each other. That energy pushes black holes a little bit out from their courses. 

So, gravitation wins, but before the merger, those black holes orbit each other, sending gravitational waves. But when we think about the material disks, particles that orbit the black hole and their event horizon, they transport energy out from that system. The black hole’s event horizon, the point where the escaping velocity reaches the speed of light, is the point where there is no turning back. But before the event horizon, particles can escape from that monster's gravitational field. Maybe. Dark energy forms when some very small black holes interact. 

A photon is a ring-shaped particle that forms around some center. There is a possibility that photons form around the small, quantum-sized black hole. This means dark energy can be some kind of interaction between photons. So. Can dark energy form when photons change their form from particle to wave movement? It’s possible that the photon releases some kind of energy impulse. 

The model goes like that. If there is an energy ring around all gravity centers that sends some radiation or wave movement. That means that energy, or some material rings, form an effect around gravitational and magnetic centers that pushes them away from each other. 

In some theories. Some kind of wormhole. It can bring high-energy particles from the past. If something can bring particles from the past through the shortcut from the past to the present or future. Or maybe. Those wormholes bring high-energy radiation from the past. The fact is that we have no visual observation of dark energy. There is something that forms wave movement that dominates the universe. There is a possibility that the dark energy is some kind of virtual effect. When a black hole’s relativistic jet hits particles, it can turn them to spin. The gamma-rays can turn some part of an atom’s nucleus, like quarks, to spin very fast. 

Theoretically is possible that the fast-spinning quarks can bind energy into it, and then conduct it out from its spin axle. And that could turn material dark. Or invisible if the observer is not looking at it straight from the quark’s spin axis. If that thing is really possible, that means the matter can turn into dark. Because those quarks bind all energy into them. And if matter can wobble between dark and visible states, transformation between those states requires energy. So if matter puts quarks to spin. That requires energy. And if particles slow their spin, that means those particles release energy. If that is really possible. That is the ultimate step in stealth technology. 

And in the most exotic models. Dark energy forms in particles of energy. Or quantum fields are spinning extremely fast. This extremely fast-spinning quantum field locks energy into a particle. Then, for some reason, the spin of that field slows, and that particle releases its extra energy to the environment. That means. Those fast-spinning quantum fields act like natural Tipler cylinders. The idea of the Tipler time machine. Or the Tipler cylinder is simple. Fast-spinning cylinders. Cause time dilation in objects and particles inside them. That means that those cylinders pump energy into those particles, and that slows their aging. So, time moves more slowly in those cylinders. 

The energy whirls and material disks can form the Tipler Cylinder around neutron stars and black holes. So, why doesn’t the fast-spinning quantum field make the same thing into particles? When that fast-spinning quantum field locks energy into a particle. That means time travels more slowly in that field. But if that spinning quantum field is gone, that means that the energy level in particles is higher than it should be. That particle releases more energy than it should. And that can be seen as dark energy. This is one theory that could explain the mystery. Called dark energy. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

Does the universe end in a big crunch or big silence?

 

Scale of dark energy effecting surrounding stars. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab / Michael Lentz (ScitechDaily, What If Einstein Was Only Half Right? NASA’s New Test for Dark Energy)

The fact is that the only thing we know is that the universe has a beginning and an end. This means. The lifetime of the universe and material as we know it has a limited time. A flat universe means. That the expansion continues forever. The spherical universe means. The universe will collapse into the Big Crunch. The hyperbolic universe means. The universe's expansion continues forever. The fate of the universe. Depends on the density parameter marked as Omega (Ω). This is why. This parameter is sometimes called the “Omega parameter”, but that means the density parameter. The problem with making predictions about the universe’s ultimate fate is that we don’t know the universe’s local geometry. When the universe expands. That means interactions between particles turn weaker. There are four fundamental interactions. Strong, weak nuclear interactions, electromagnetism, and gravitation. 

And we don’t know. Does the dark energy really evolve? The thing is that dark energy will evolve. If it's released in the Big Bang. Another big question is where that energy begins. There are models that dark energy forms in space between subatomic particles. There is something that collects and summarizes energy fields. If there is a fast-spinning structure that binds energy into it, and when its rotation speed decreases. That means. The structure releases its energy. 

“The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space.” (Wikipedia, Shape of the universe)

If Ω = 1, the universe is flat.

If Ω > 1, there is positive curvature.

If Ω < 1, there is negative curvature.

The ultimate fate of the universe depends on whether the universe is closed or open. If the universe is open. The ultimate fate of the universe is the big silence. If the universe is closed. The ultimate fate of the universe is the Big Crunch. The only thing that fills the condition that the universe is closed is the spherical universe. 

Closed universe

If Ω>1, the geometry of space is closed, like the surface of a sphere. The sum of the angles of a triangle exceeds 180 degrees, and there are no parallel lines; all lines eventually meet. The geometry of the universe is, at least on a very large scale, elliptic. (Wikipedia, Ultimate fate of the universe)

Open universe

If Ω<1, the geometry of space is open, i.e., negatively curved like the surface of a saddle. The angles of a triangle sum to less than 180 degrees, and lines that do not meet are never equidistant; they have a point of least distance and otherwise grow apart. The geometry of such a universe is hyperbolic. (Wikipedia, Ultimate fate of the universe)

There is also a possibility that the universe is virtually open. That means the edge of the pancake universe could be at a higher level than the center of the universe. That makes the universe curve. Above itself like some kind of rosebud.  And that effect. Closes the universe into it. The lower energy center in the universe pulls the edge into it. But that is only speculation. 

In some models, the Big Bang was a series of events. That can form shells. Or layers, or states,  in the universe. Those layers or shells form the structure; their energy jumps back and forth. That model tries to explain dark energy as the oscillation or waves in those layers. 

Another explanation is that the dark energy is the glow of the Big Bang. And in the newest models. Dark energy is the glow that forms when dark matter particles interact. The problem is that we haven’t seen dark matter particles. The only thing. That tells us. A possible dark matter interaction is a strange gamma-ray glow in the center of galaxies. The another explanation can be that the supermassive black holes like Sgr*A. can pull dark energy intside them. If that is true. The supermassive black hole turns dark energy. So dense. It causes some subatomic particles to glow. Another explanation could be that the black hole’s gravitational field stretches protons, and that causes the subatomic particle-antiparticle pairs to annihilate. 

There are theories that some kind of wormholes teleport, or tunnel particles through them. Those wormholes act like masers. They transmit energy into particles that travel in those energy tornadoes or energy tunnels. This is the effect. That denies particles from turning old. When a particle comes out of that wormhole, it releases its energy faster than usual. There is also a possibility that some kind of energy wave travels through those energy bridges, and they can inject more energy into that string. The energy tornado acts like a laser. The wormhole locks energy in the particle. And that denies its aging. 

“A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

If a particle travels through a wormhole and comes out, its energy level is higher than it should be. And that means it releases energy faster and stronger than normal particles that traveled the same distance.  

And it pumps energy into the field that travels in the electromagnetic or gravitational tornado. If there is a gravitational field that travels in a gravitational tornado, that structure binds gravitational energy into it. But at the same time. The wave that travels in the gravitational tornado sends a stronger gravitational wave than it should when it comes out from that structure. We know that those energy tornadoes are possible. There is evidence. About electromagnetic wormholes, but the wormholes that travel through a gravitational field are not yet proven. 

When we think about the models. Where the dark energy evolves.  Because. All dark energy was released in the Big Bang. We can look at the cosmic microwave background (CMB). There are holes in that image. The expansion can form holes in the dark energy just like it forms holes in the CMB. That forms a vacuum in the energy field. And this causes a situation. Where energy falls into those bubbles. This effect focuses the energy field in those bubbles. 

Above: Cosmic microwave background. 

If dark energy forms fields. The Schwinger effect is also possible between dark energy waves. And the dark energy should also have wave-particle duality. This means that things like Kugelblitz black holes can also form from dark energy. In physics. Kugelblitz means a black hole. That formed straight from radiation or wave movement. 

The thing is that dark energy interacts with all particles, but that interaction is so weak. That we can see it. Only in the large-scale structures. But then back to the universe’s ultimate fate. That thing is one of the biggest mysteries in many ways. For effecting material energy must move. And if dark energy was released in the Big Bang event. The expansion of the universe causes the conclusion that. Dark energy should turn weaker. When the area of the energy expands, but there is no new energy in that area. That turns energy weaker. But if that energy forms somewhere. That means the energy effect turns static. Or it turns even stronger. Dark energy is similar to energy. As all other energy types. 

We don’t know its origin. If dark energy forms somewhere, that could prove the hypothetical particle’s tachyons' existence. Tachyons are hypothetical faster-than-light particles. There is a possibility that the black holes can release those particles. But. When a tachyon comes into three-dimensional space and time. It releases its energy immediately. That means tachyons cannot exist in our universe. It’s possible that tachyons release photons. Those are on the ultra-high energy levels. That can explain dark energy. Dark energy should have interaction with all particles, but that interaction is so weak that we cannot see it. 

There is one very exciting model of dark energy. That model is that dark energy forms outside the universe. Maybe that strange wave movement that dominates the universe existed before the Big Bang. That could explain matter and energy. Same way. As the theory. Where the universe and matter formed from gravitational waves. In the most exciting model, the dark energy formed matter in wave-particle duality. If dark energy is a wave movement. Wave-particle duality (WPD). And the Schwinger effect. It should also be possible in dark energy. That means dark energy can also form particles. But then, what is the ultimate fate of the universe? The fact is this: we don’t know. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/ask-ethan-will-the-cosmic-microwave-background-ever-disappear/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/evolving-dark-energy-big-crunch/

https://hub.jhu.edu/2025/10/16/mysterious-glow-in-milky-way-dark-matter/

https://www.livescience.com/physics-mathematics/dark-matter/mysterious-glow-at-the-milky-ways-center-could-reshape-a-major-cosmic-theory

https://sciencenotes.org/cosmic-microwave-background-radiation-cmb-or-cmbr/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-einstein-was-only-half-right-nasas-new-test-for-dark-energy/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-will-end-in-a-big-crunch-physicists-warns/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Dark energy can be virtual. Or, maybe quantum tunneling could explain that thing.

Can black holes be the key to dark energy? 

When we think that the black hole absorbs energy fields and matter inside it. That means the energy turns denser around black holes. That thing can cause a situation where dark matter and visible matter start to interact. There is also a possibility that things like hypothetical tachyon particles can transfer energy into those extremely dense fields. In some visions, the black hole can transmit tachyons. Or near it, the superstrings interact so often that those interactions are seen as dark energy. 

Sometimes things like dark matter annihilation are introduced as the dark energy sources. The dark energy can also be a virtual effect, which forms when the universe expands. Sometimes, some known fundamental forces are introduced as dark energy. 

There is a possibility that things like gluons can send a wave movement that has a very short wavelength. That makes this radiation very hard to detect. And that means that the ark energy can be radiation whose wavelength is shorter than gamma-rays. 

The universe and its shape are changing. All the time. The only stable thing in the universe is change. One of the things that causes the change is so-called dark energy. There is a possibility that the dark energy is only a virtual force. The force that forms when the universe expands. That expansion moves objects away from each other. And that turns gravity weaker. This is one explanation for the dark energy. There are also models that dark energy is a gravitational scattering effect. That turns the gravitational effect weaker. The gravitational scattering effect scatters and spreads gravitational waves. 

That effect could exist. Because gravitation is a wave movement. That means it should scatter like all other wave movements. But. When we think about the question of dark energy.  We should ask what puts energy into motion. The crossing of a high-power gravitational field. Or a gravity wave. It could cut the gravitational bridge between two objects. But then. We can think of dark energy as the result of quantum tunneling. 

When a particle travels through the quantum tunnel or wormhole, it will not behave like other particles. During the tunneling process, the particle will not receive its energy. Like in other cases. The quantum tunnel is like an energy whirl. That press energy to the particle. This means when the particle travels through the quantum tunnel, its energy level is higher than it should be. So the quantum tunneling can be one thing. That can explain dark energy. Quantum tunneling is quite a “normal” effect in the universe. Electromagnetic wormholes or quantum tunnels form. All the time. 

When electromagnetic radiation impacts a particle, it forms a shadow on the particle’s opposite side. If that particle spins a certain way, it starts to form an electromagnetic tornado that can create a tunnel between two points. Because the tunnel’s or quantum tunnel’s wall is on a higher energy level than the potential wall.  That thing helps the electromagnetic tornado tunnel itself through the potential barriers. 

The wormhole is the gravitational version of quantum tunneling. And it would be the most extreme version of quantum tunneling. In that case, the quantum tunnel forms through the gravitational fields. But when we think about things like neutrinos, they can tunnel through planets and stars. Those particles also interact with their environment. And when they travel through the planets, the planet’s core could transform energy into those particles. That means their energy level will be higher than it should. 

But then to the wormholes. If we think about the black hole’s paradoxes, one of the things that the black hole should make is the case where time travels backward. When the escape velocity is higher than the speed of light. That thing can cause a situation. Where time travels backward, because time dilation stops time at the speed of light. 

And when escape velocity turns higher than the speed of light, that means time should move backward. If time exists. In this case, the arrow of time starts to circle around the black hole at the point of the event horizon. The arrow of time means that when one particle travels past another particle. On a lower energy level. A higher-energy particle transmits energy. To a lower energy particle. That slows time in that receiving particle. 

That energy that the space around the event horizon presses information back in time. Or in some models, the black hole takes information into the point where it was born. That means that if this thing is true. And the first thing that formed in the universe was a black hole. There can be a black hole that is like a pillar from the end of the universe to the beginning of the universe. If that is true, black holes can transport energy from the future to the past. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/hubble-tension-dark-energy/

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a69076047/universe-bends-laws-of-physics/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Dark matter and dark energy can have more than one source.

"Protons are messy on the inside. Made of three main quarks (illustrated with large spheres), the particles also harbor a constantly shifting collection of transient quarks and antiquarks (smaller spheres) and gluons (squiggles) that bind the quarks together."(ScienceNews, Protons’ antimatter is even more lopsided than we thought)

"The proton’s antimatter is out of whack. An imbalance between two types of antiparticles that seethe within the proton is even wonkier than previously thought, a new measurement indicates."(ScienceNews, Protons’ antimatter is even more lopsided than we thought)

Protons are built from t­hree quarks — two “up” quarks and one “down” quark. But they also contain a roiling sea of transient quarks and antiquarks that fluctuate into existence before swiftly annihilating one another. Within that sea, down antiquarks outnumber up antiquarks, measurements revealed in the 1990s. And that lopsidedness persists in a realm of quark momenta previously unexplored, researchers from the SeaQuest experiment at Fermilab in Batavia, Ill., report February 24 in Nature." (ScienceNews, Protons’ antimatter is even more lopsided than we thought)

One of the things that could explain dark energy and dark matter is distant antimatter-matter annihilations. When two particles another matter and another antimatter collide. That forms the high-power energy impact. In that reaction, both particles turn into energy. And that can explain where that matter is gone. Distant antimatter-matter annihilation can also form short-term bubbles in the quantum fields. And those bubbles can act like particles. When those bubbles are filled, those things are gone. And the energy that those particles released can form dark matter. It’s possible that the particles that annihilate are not positron-electron pairs.

 There is a possibility that those particles are quark-antiquark pairs in a proton. When a proton goes into the low-energy area or into a weak quantum field, those quarks can move away from each other, because the quantum fields around them turn weaker. That expands the proton and gives space there those quarks and antiquarks to move.  In that case, those quarks and antiquarks will touch each other. In normal cases, the outside quantum field pushes the proton into its form. In that case quark doesn’t touch its antiquark pair. But when the proton expands, that allows those particles to move. And then those quark-antiquark pairs can touch each other. 

Above, the object is in its gravity pothole. 

The nature of gravity is that the gravity makes an energy pothole in the spacetime. The reason for that is that the gravity center binds energy into itself. When an object is in its gravity pothole, the side coming energy pumps energy into that particle. The spin binds energy into kinetic form. And the particle can start sending it away from its poles or spin axis. That forms the wave-structure that can turn into a Lorentz (strange) attractor. That structure can pump energy into a particle, and that can transform the particle into a black hole, if it cannot realease that energy. The size of the pothole or the energy and material whirl around the particle determines when it can release its energy. If that pothole is large enough, that thing can cause a situation where the object turns into a black hole. 

Maybe there is more than one thing that causes effects that we know as dark matter and dark energy. Quasiparticles like excitons can act like they are real matter. Things like expansion of the universe, and small energy channels through space can cause effect that looks like dark energy and dark matter. 

Dark matter is one of the most interesting unsolved mysteries. The problem with that thing is simple. Nobody has seen dark matter particles. That means some researchers want to disprove the dark matter theorem.  There are solutions that can explain dark matter without dark matter particles. There are theories about the “free excitons” and fast-spinning particles that quantum fields are spinning so fast that they throw radiation that bypasses them. That phenomenon can be described as a quantum-level, or subatomic-size, Meissner effect. The particle drives electromagnetic fields past them. And that causes a situation where the particle acts like a stealth surface; its radiation slides over it. 

The free exciton model means. There is a hole, or a lower energy point, in the quantum field. And if there is some kind of energy ring surrounding that thing, this kind of virtual particle can put energy into a flow.  There is also a possibility that the lower energy area around galaxies and galactic superclusters causes a situation in which those particles and wave movement accelerate faster than calculated. If those particles travel in some kind of electromagnetic wormhole, or electromagnetic tornado. 

That can cause the so-called maser effect. That pumps energy to those particles. That thing. Makes those particles higher energy than they should. And when particles come out from the electromagnetic wormhole, they release their extra energy. And if those particles traveled through the wormhole, it would be on a higher energy level than it should be. In this case particle is more massive than it should be. And maybe that explains dark energy. 

“Artist’s impression of two nuclear spins, remotely entangled via the geometric gate applied via the electron. Credit: Tony Melov / UNSW Sydney” (ScitechDaily, “Like Talking on the Telephone” – Quantum Breakthrough Lets Individual Atoms Chat Like Never Before)

The nature of gravity is one of the things that can put energy. Into moving. Faster than it should. There is a possibility that the gravitational field looks like Lorentz’s Strange attractor, or, Lorenz attractor. When the gravitational center spins, it pulls those bubbles into it. When those bubbles or sides of “lying 8” travel to the gravitational center, that transforms them into kinetic energy. They pull particles and wave movement with them. That means this model explains that gravitation is the opposite of wave movement. If wave movement travels into the center, it pulls the fields and particles with it. In that case. The side coming field tries to fill the space that the field. That the wave movement took with it, leaving behind. When a wave takes a field with it, it is like a string that leaves micro- or quantum whirls behind it. Those whirls can condense the EM field. 

There is also a possibility that the particle goes into a Lorentz attractor, a shaped energy field. If there is a higher energy particle on the other side of the attractor. Or energy travels outside into the attractor, which means the attractor pumps energy into the particle. If Energy travels out from the middle of the particle, that forms a situation where the particle accelerates energy fields. Those energy needles are very thin and hard to detect. And the main question is, what puts energy into motion, and what causes the gravitational effect; that origin is unknown. One of the answers could be the energy movement in energy fields, which takes particles and other fields with it. In some models, colliding quarks and other subatomic particles cause effects that we know as dark energy. 

Above: The model of a wormhole. 

And of course, the real wormholes. Or the gravitational wormholes can explain dark energy and dark matter. If a particle travels through the Einstein-Rosen bridge, it will not lose its energy. That means the particle is also more massive than it should be. When a particle comes out from the Einstein-Rosen bridge, or wormhole, it releases its energy. At that point, the particle also loses its mass. This model explains dark energy and dark matter as particles that traveled through the wormhole. And when they came out of that tunnel, they released their energy immediately. That energy release removes their weight and turns them into regular particles. There is a possibility that a wormhole cannot transmit anything other than radiation or elementary particles. 

In some models, the superstrings, or ring-shaped energy fields, can act like matter. When those energy rings spin, they bind quantum fields into them. And this means that the dark energy and dark matter are the effects that form in field interactions. When the wheel-shaped energy fields touch each other. That forms the soliton, or “electric arc” that turns energy denser than it should. 

The black hole interaction is very complicated. The magnetic field switches on and off. And that causes the plasmon eruptions. But also things like relativistic jets are traveling in space. Those jets can travel in an electromagnetic tunnel that pumps energy into relativistic jets. And also when wave movement travels through plasmons, that increases their energy level. That means there might not be only one thing that causes dark energy and dark matter. The virtual- or quasiparticles and cosmic voids can accelerate the wave movement. Same way as some particles with hyper high energy levels can cause measurement errors. There is also a possibility that there are more black holes in the universe than we expected.  

The black hole causes a massive virtual redshift. This means its gravity pulls wave movement into a straight form. This effect causes a situation where the black hole seems to be at a longer distance than it really is. The black hole that is quite close to the Earth can move quantum fields faster than they should. So, that means there can be more than one effect that we see as dark matter and dark energy. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/decades-long-quest-reveals-details-of-the-protons-inner-antimatter-20210224/

https://www.sciencealert.com/decades-long-experiment-finds-strange-mix-of-antimatter-in-the-heart-of-every-proton

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/proton-antimatter-lopsided-quark-antiquark

https://scitechdaily.com/dark-matter-and-dark-energy-dont-exist-new-study-claims/

https://scitechdaily.com/is-dark-matter-evolving-a-new-theory-to-solve-the-universes-biggest-mystery/

https://scitechdaily.com/like-talking-on-the-telephone-quantum-breakthrough-lets-individual-atoms-chat-like-never-before/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

JWST could find a star that gets its energy from dark matter.

 

“New JWST observations hint that some of the universe’s first luminous bodies weren’t ordinary fusion stars at all, but supermassive dark stars – vast hydrogen-helium structures powered by dark-matter annihilation. A team now reports four ultra-distant candidates whose spectra and morphology fit this picture, including a tentative helium-ion (He II 1640 Å) absorption feature. If confirmed, these objects could help explain JWST’s puzzlingly bright early sources and the rapid rise of supermassive black holes. (Artist’s concept). Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily) 

JWST might have found a new type of star that takes its energy from dark matter. If that dark matter star exists, that thing can mean revolution in dark matter and dark energy research. JWST found that star at the edge of the universe, and it might be a giant structure of hydrogen and helium. And the dark matter annihilation or dark matter particles’ impacts give energy to the star.

That explains dark energy. This model also works with some virtual particles. If the dark matter is in so-called mini voids. Impacts of those minivoids can also release energy. When those voids impact the quantum walls around them. Impact each other, and that can send the energy wave to the universe. 

There is also a possibility that dark matter itself doesn’t send energy that can interact with the helium and hydrogen. There is a possibility. Dark energy can interact with some subatomic particles. Like electrons or certain quark types. There is a possibility that dark energy has a short wavelength. It can affect only particles like gluons. 

When dark energy impacts the particle. It raises its energy level and mass. If dark matter is the structure that spins at a very high speed. That thing binds energy fields into that structure. And that thing binds hydrogen and helium together. Dark energy can make. The star glows. If its density is high enough. The dark matter can release dark energy if the hypothetical Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). Impact with other WIMPs. 

That thing explains why we cannot see dark matter or dark energy. But if dark matter impacts are sources of dark energy, we must realize that the dark matter itself could be some kind of energy field that surrounds some kind of energy pothole. In that model. A skyrmion or an exciton can create the pothole, which locks the wave surrounding that pothole. That makes an effect. That looks like a gravitational interaction.

But then we must realize. That things like black holes eat quantum fields. When those fields travel in the black holes, there are fewer fields left between black holes. The fields turn weaker. And they can transmit less energy than before. When black holes pull matter and dark matter inside them, that thing changes the relations between the four fundamental interactions. 

In an extremely hot universe. Just after the Big Bang. The dominant interaction was the strong nuclear interaction. When the universe turned colder. The weak nuclear interaction turned dominant. After that, the electromagnetic interaction turned dominant. And when the universe was cold enough, the gravity turned dominant. This means. The quantum fields' density. Or their power determines which of the four fundamental interactions is dominant. 

This means that if some particle. Or an object presses the quantum fields into a dense enough state that it can change the dominance. Or relations of the four fundamental interactions. This thing could revolutionize our way. Of seeing energy and matter. 

https://scitechdaily.com/jwst-may-have-discovered-a-new-kind-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction