What if dark energy were once negative?

"Dark energy is a mysterious force believed to drive the accelerating expansion of the universe. Thought to make up roughly 70% of the cosmos, its true nature remains one of the biggest mysteries in modern physics. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, What if Dark Energy Was Once Negative? Scientists Uncover a Surprising New Possibility)

“Negative energy is a concept used in physics to explain the nature of certain fields, including the gravitational field and various quantum field effects.” (Wikipedia, Negative energy). 

A new study suggests that, at one point, all energy was negative. So the energy level was below zero. That means. The event called the Big Bang turned that energy above zero. And that means there is no negative energy in our universe. But what is negative energy? And why is that thing so interesting? We can think of there being two forms of energy. 

Positive. The energy state is above zero. 

Negative: The energy state is below zero. 

Negative energy pulls positive energy to it. In. Some models. The negative energy is like gravity. That means it is energy. That pulls positive or “visible” energy to it. Some other models suggest that. The cold points are closest to the thing. That. We know as negative energy. 

One model of that negative energy is the case. There. The energy level decreases below the energy minimum. This means the pothole's energy level is below zero, so it starts to pack energy around it. So in that model, negative energy could form the Big Bang. Before the universe was born, or before matter and time separated. There was some. Kind. Of quantum field. Then. There was something. That caused the situation. That quantum field lost energy. in. One of its spots. That could happen when a lower-energy field came too close to that primary field. That field transported energy from one spot. And the field around that structure tries to fill that hole. 

Or energy traveled from a higher-energy field to a lower-energy field. That formed a hole in the field that received energy. Then the entire energy field travels in that hole. And that raised the energy level in the middle of that energy pothole. This means that negative energy packed positive energy around it. Or. Positive and negative energy behave like matter and antimatter. That means. Negative and positive energy pull each other together. They form extremely high energy waves.

Or it raised the energy level so high that it turned positive. This means dark energy caused the Big Bang by packing energy around it. This type of energy is very hard to make. The three-kelvin cosmic background. It is three degrees higher. Than. Absolute zero (-273.15 °C). Reached in the laboratory was. If the object has this temperature and we transport it into the universe. That means. That. This object packs energy itself. 

If. That object is homogeneous enough. Its entropy is low enough. That energy can travel in that object. And then jump back. If. The object is large enough. It packs energy into its center. The idea is that. When the ball is very cold, it binds energy from its environment. It takes energy into its shell. Energy travels into the center of the ball because the center is colder than the shell. Normally, that means nothing. But if the object is a perfect ball. Energy. Travels to the ball at very high speed. The reason for that is. 

The extremely cold core pulls energy into it. In the core, the energy impacts. And jumps back. This will not happen in asymmetrical objects. This can happen only if the object is a ball. The energy. Must impact the ball symmetrically. That denies it from breaking out. The cold core pulls energy into it. And. That continues until energy breaks out. That can rip the ball into pieces. How strong can that effect be? That depends on the speed. On. How energy travels to the object. 

In the young universe, energy levels were higher. This means that the energy minimum was higher. Materia was denser. And stars were brighter. In that time, the negative energy was already gone. That means negative energy can still exist. But it's outside the universe. 

If. Somebody could create that negative energy. That makes it possible. To create things like the Tipler Time machine. That rapidly spinning cylinder. It creates time dilation in it. By. Using spinning motion. The problem is that Centripetal force rips that structure. 

Into pieces. The answer to that problem is negative energy. Negative energy pulls the structure into one form. Negative energy can make it possible. To make things like faster-than-light travel. In those models, dark energy pulls energy against the craft. That denies. Quantum fields jump out of the craft. And that aims energy flow to the craft. 

Negative energy pulls quantum fields against the cylinder shell. And it acts a little bit like magnetism or gravity. And in some models. It is the second gravity. But if that thin still exists. It’s hard to separate from gravity. The problem is that. Nobody created that negative energy. 

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-dark-energy-was-once-negative-scientists-uncover-a-surprising-new-possibility/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

Could a graviton be a low-energy photon?

Image of a photon.

We can think of gravity as forming when particles or objects spin. That spin binds energy from around it. That spin turns quantum fields, or quantum field energy, into kinetic energy. When. Particle spin binds energy. Energy that comes from around that particle tries to fill that area. And that means the traveling field pulls other particles with it. The field carries the particle. Then we can think about the gravitational wave. Energy ditch. That travels in the universe. The reason. Why the gravitational wave transports everything into the gravitational center.

It is in the universe’s expansion. And. Energy level. In the universe, it decreases. So. If we look at the gravitational waves. The energy level in the environment around gravitational waves decreases. So.  We can say that the next gravitational wave is always deeper than the first. And that pulls objects to the gravitational center. 

There is a possibility. that. Short-wavelength radiation causes particles around the gravitational center to spin. In this model, every single particle is an independent gravitational center. The strength of those centers is determined by entropy. 

There is a possibility. That. When energy travels through a particle.

It. Takes energy with it. If that particle starts to spin, it binds energy inside it. The question is always: Could a particle? Or. Its shell. Or something inside it forms some quantum tornado. That thing is the structure. That transports energy out from it. If. That energy flow is strong enough. That transports all reflections into that direction. 

When. An energy string travels through a particle. It acts like a thermal pump. When the energy level at the ends of the string is lower. That quantum antenna transports energy in two directions. And the equatorial structure binds energy. 

So when a particle’s spin speed increases. That means the particle binds more energy into it. 

That means that. We could see that effect as a gravitational wave. We could say. The mysterious graviton particle is the thing. That causes the gravitational waves. 

But. What is that particle? Could it be a photon? That. Is in a very low energy level? There is a possibility. That energy field travels through a photon. That energy acts like wind. It turns (or cools) the photon around it into a very low energy level. This makes energy travel into those photons. 

Could the quantum wind that travels through photons form the effect that we know as a graviton or WIMP? If the quantum wind travels through photons. That freezes it. Or transports energy out from the photon.  That effect. It. Turns the photon’s energy level lower. Than. The environment. This drives quantum fields to photons. And that could explain why nobody has seen a WIMP or graviton. 

Photons can act as particles in that case. If. The photon spins very fast. That causes an effect: the photon sends waves Into. 

The middle of it. This means. Photon. Transports. Its energy into the structure. In the middle of it. This happens when the photon’s outer structure. turns into a higher energy level than its inner structure. The photon is a donut-shaped particle. That can also explain why we cannot see gravitons. 

When some energy string travels through a photon. That. Binds energy into it. And transports energy out from that structure. 

That quantum string. Or quantum wind acts like a thermal pump. That keeps the photon’s energy level low. 

That energy focus can start to spin. That forms a small quantum tornado. That tornado transports energy out of the photon. And that can turn the photon into a low-energy object. In this model, the photon is like a wheel. 

And there is a quantum-sized energy string. That keeps the photon in a lower-energy state. That. Means that the graviton could be a cold photon. But could that quantum wind keep the photon’s energy level lower than the environment? This is the key element in the direction of the interaction. Energy always travels to a lower energy level. So. How can the particle’s energy level always be lower than the environment? Could dark matter or WIMP particles be the particles? 

That reflection hides behind the galactic halos?  Is it possible that WIMPs can exist only near galaxies? There is also a possibility. That there is lots of atomic hydrogen between galaxies. And outside galactic clusters, that are colder than galaxies. This makes it very hard to detect that matter. 

But could that effect also explain WIMPs? Dark matter particles. Or. Weakly interacting massive particles could also be photons. Or they could be some other particles that can transport their energy. From there, very fast. One suggestion is that. The. WIMPs.  And gravitons can be quantum-sized black holes. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-demonstrate-swarm-of-photons-that-somersault-in-lockstep/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Billiard balls and quantum computers.

 

A single billiard ball could simulate a universal Turing machine (UTM). That machine could simulate any other Turing machine. This is one of the most interesting things in the world. We think that. The billiard ball is the program. And the table is the platform. That drives the program. When we make input to that ball, it selects a certain route. That route can take our system to the right solutions. Or it can fail, and the system must retry that thing. Another way to think of the billiard ball as a computer is this. When the billiard ball spins anticlockwise, the value is zero. When it spins clockwise, the value is one. The change in the axle angle determines the empty spaces between one and zero. That is important. When. There are two ones or two zeros. One. After another. The big problem in the binary computer is this. The system must separate. When there. Are two ones. 

Or two zeros one after another. The other thing this kind of system must solve is. The system must determine if the electricity is cut. And separate that thing from the zeros. The answer is the base voltage. The system floats the bit. And if the voltage goes too low. Or below the minimum. That means the system thinks that electricity is cut. But if we want to make a system that uses two billiard balls. One color and two colors, the system can put them to travel through it. When the one-color ball spins or changes its angle. That is, a one-color ball spins. The value is zero. Or a two-color ball spins, which means the value is one. 

We must remember that simulations must not be possible to copy in the real world. But what if we can create things like quantum computers in 2D models? That means the qubit travels on a lattice. 

A graph representation of a Turing machine (left) and its billiard equivalent (right). (Miranda & Ramos, PNAS, 2026) (ScienceAlert, A Single Ball on a Billiard Table Can Theoretically Perform Any Computation)

Researchers created a mathematical 'billiard' – the word they use to describe their system – in which the ball's position can encode information. While. The carefully designed walls and their shape determine what happens to that information next.

ScienceAlert magazine. Describes this situation like this: As the ball travels from one part of the billiard to another, its trajectory advances the computation, just as a Turing machine works through its instructions one step at a time.

What if we replace billiard balls with atoms? 

“An AI-generated illustration depicting the Kondo effect. Conducting electrons in a metal are shown interacting with the spin of an embedded magnetic atom impurity. Credit: AI-generated artwork by Linqing Peng. A new computational approach uses the real electronic structure of materials to predict a classic quantum effect far more accurately than simplified models. Seven magnetic atoms embedded one at a time in copper have given physicists a new way to test whether computers can predict the behavior of real quantum materials without first reducing them to simplified models.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Tackle a Classic Quantum Problem With a Powerful New Computational Method)

Billiards have been linked to computation before this new model. But those models needed additional complexity, such as multiple interacting balls, three-dimensional structures, or moving walls. Those walls are gates that control information. 

Researchers stripped all of that away. They created a 2D system. Their system needs just one particle moving in two dimensions between fixed walls.

We can think. Time arrow and computing. We. Can think about a situation. There, a billiard ball is a computer program. It travels past another billiard ball. Every. Standing ball in the line is one step of a mathematical formula. The system is solved. The system solves the mathematical formula step by step. After each step, it stores the answer into the mass memory. That. The system is based on the idea that mathematical formulas must be used in a certain order. The order of the calculations is always the same. 

In that scenario, each billiard ball is one step or stage of the mathematical formula. The idea is that. Every mathematical formula can be solved by using strict orders. The machine generates an answer by using mathematical orders. And that means the system can take every step backward directly when the machine is done. This makes the system more effective. Because. It must not make a complete calculation backward. If. It checks. Those steps that it takes one by one directly when it finishes. But in that case, the billiard ball must transfer information to the standing ball. That could be done. By. Putting a domino brick at a right angle between those balls. And when the billiard ball, or qubit. That travels past the standing ball. That domino brick acts as the gate. 

Maybe. Previously, we could not create a universal Turing machine using billiard balls. But what if we replace those balls with qubits? It can turn. The quantum systems. Into the next level. These systems can turn into universal computers. 

https://www.sciencealert.com/a-single-ball-on-a-billiard-table-can-theoretically-perform-any-computation

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-tackle-a-classic-quantum-problem-with-a-powerful-new-computational-method/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondo_effect

Time and the speed of light.

“The universe is still speeding up, scientists say, keeping dark energy and its mysterious role in cosmic expansion firmly in play. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab / Michael Lentz” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Say the Universe Isn’t Slowing Down After All)

When speed reaches the speed of light (299792458 m/s), time stops moving. That is. The remarkable thing in physics. This means that a photon has no time. The photon is a massless particle that transports electromagnetism. 

A photon itself is like a string. That string rotates around its main axle and surface axle. This causes small quantum whirls around the photon. 

The photon's shape is like a donut. It can explain A small part of why the photon has no time. If. We think that the donut-shaped particle travels in the universe. The energy travels to that donut from the middle of the photon. 

Energy also travels in the structure from the outside of the photon. And nails the photon into its position. That means the photon delivers as much energy as it releases. Because the universe expands, that structure sends wave movement through spacetime. 

The speed of light is the cosmic speed limit. That speed limit is the speed of light in a vacuum. The speed of light is quite easy to cross. If. The particle impacts a medium. The neutrino detector uses that effect. When. A neutrino impacts water. It. Sends a blue light shockwave. This blue flash is known as Cherenkov radiation. 

When. That particle arrives in water. It must slow down. That means it must deliver its kinetic energy. That energy forms the small bubble that acts like a WARP bubble in water. That bubble. It cannot stand very long. And it collapses when the particle slows. Its speed.

Into a level that is in water. The reason. Why. The particle cannot continue its journey faster than the speed of light because it cannot maintain that bubble. To maintain that bubble, the particle requires energy. But the speed of slowing is not limitless. And that means the particle travels faster than the speed of light in water. For. A very short moment. 

“We experience time as real. But what if it's only an illusion: an illusion that's inherently relative? Does time fundamentally even exist?” (Big Think, Starts with a Bang, Can we be certain that time really exists?)

“An example of a light cone, the three-dimensional surface of all possible light rays arriving at and departing from a point in spacetime. The more you move through space, the less you move through time, and vice versa. Only things contained within your past light-cone can affect you today; only things contained within your future light-cone can be perceived by you in the future. This illustrates flat Minkowski space, rather than the curved space of general relativity.” (Big Think, Starts with a Bang, Can we be certain that time really exists?)

A Photon. 

The idea of the Alcubierre WARP drive is similar to Cherenkov radiation. The system creates a shockwave around the craft. That shockwave. That acts like Cherenkov radiation. That energy bubble can form by antimatter annihilation in the quantum nanotubes. That shockwave decreases entropy. 

The theoretical basis of that system is simple. There are no vacuums in space. That means. There is a possibility. To. Create a bubble that pushes quantum fields, ions, and other particles from around the craft. So. The system. It just replaces the false vacuum. By. Using a deeper vacuum. Or it decreases entropy in that bubble. The system can use gamma rays for that purpose. 

But then we face another paradox. That can make it very hard to think about crossing the speed of light. Time dilation means time slows. 

When it approaches the speed of light. At the speed of light. Time stops. And then. When a particle crosses the speed of light. 

Time starts to travel backward. That means that if we cross the speed of light. We should travel back in time. To. The point where we crossed the speed of light. Then we must realize only one thing. Time and location in space are different things. This means that we can travel in space and time. This means that. Even. If we travel back in time. The location in space and time must not be the same. 

But is time its own dimension or a natural force? If time is a force, it exists. But then we can think about a model. In which time does not exist. In that case, time is virtual. Time exists somehow. But the question is. Could time be a dimension? If time is a dimension. It can move forward or backward. In dimensional time, time travel is possible. 

If. Black holes. Transport matter and energy. Back to history. To the point where it formed. This could explain dark energy as energy that primordial black holes transport from the future into the young universe. That is one explanation. If. Time is a dimension. 

In the case of virtual time. Energy. It just prevents matter from evaporating. So. If we surround a particle with a high-power energy field. That prevents the particle from turning into energy. But then we must realize that the particle is like a bubble in the quantum field. This means. That. The energy that travels in the particle reflects from its center. And. That reflected energy destroys the particle. The outside energy can push the particle into its form. And slows the energy flow. From. That particle. When we talk about things like stopping time. 

We must understand that the expansion of the universe decreases energy in that field. That expansion decreases the energy level in those quantum fields. We think about dark energy. And the universe's expansion. We must understand that all known matter and energy come from a single point.  

When. The universe expands. Its energy level turns lower. But at the same time, matter travels faster. The distance between objects grows. And the expansion of the universe accelerates. Along. With dark energy. The gravitational effect turns weaker. 

When. The universe loses its density. Matter and dark matter between galactic clusters. becomes thinner. The speed of light. Outside the galactic halos. Turns higher. And that thing forms Cherenkov-type radiation. Evaporation of the matter is stronger. That means free energy in the universe grows. 

Another thing is that. If. The universe is inside some plasma ball. Particles that impact that plasma ball send Cherenkov-type radiation. That also travels in the universe. That radiation can be one of the things that cause dark energy. 

The border. Between. Matter and the dark matter halo, and space outside that halo turns higher. That means energy travels out from those halos faster. The theory goes like this. The. WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle). Is the particle. That means the dark energy could be the evaporation of those WIMP particles. Because. The universe’s energy level decreases. Evaporation of matter. At the edge. Of the galaxy cluster halos. Also turns stronger. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/beat-the-speed-of-light/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/does-time-exist-182965/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/paradox-black-hole/

https://phys.org/news/2024-11-theory-reveals-photon.amp

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-say-the-universe-isnt-slowing-down-after-all/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light

Magnetars and photons.

“A Swinburne astronomer may have just confirmed one of the quirkiest aspects of quantum mechanics: Space that seems empty can alter the behavior of light. Credit: NASA.” (ScitechDaily, Empty Space May Not Be Empty After All: Magnetar Reveals a Bizarre Quantum Effect)

The big problem is that. Magnetars pull particles around them. And that means that. Space around those light neutron stars is not empty. Space is not empty at all. There is dust and particles. Along with quantum fields, those things can affect light. More strongly. Than we can even imagine. 

The magnetar is a very bright object. The energy that magnetars release in seconds matches the energy that the Sun releases in 250000 years. A magnetar forms a pulsar. It is so bright. Its brightness covers the nebula around the magnetar. The effect is similar. 

We see a bright lamp in fog. The brightness of that light covers the fog below it. We see light but not fog around it. 

“Astronomers studying one of the most magnetic objects in the universe have found some of the strongest evidence yet for a bizarre effect predicted by quantum physics nearly 90 years ago. The finding suggests that a powerful magnetic field can change the way light travels through a vacuum, even when no ordinary matter is present.”(ScitechDaily, Empty Space May Not Be Empty After All: Magnetar Reveals a Bizarre Quantum Effect)

“The phenomenon is known as ‘vacuum birefringence.’ It emerges from quantum electrodynamics (QED), the theory describing how light and charged particles interact. Werner Heisenberg and Hans Euler predicted the underlying effect in 1936, proposing that what appears to be Space can behave differently when exposed to an extraordinarily strong magnetic field “.(ScitechDaily, Empty Space May Not Be Empty After All: Magnetar Reveals a Bizarre Quantum Effect)

“In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons and represents the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism, giving a complete account of matter and light interaction”. (Wikipedia, Quantum electrodynamics)

“In technical terms, QED can be described as a perturbation theory of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. Richard Feynman called it "the jewel of physics" for its extremely accurate predictions of quantities. Like. The anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of hydrogen. Ch1  : It is the most precise and stringently tested theory in physics. However, the prediction of vacuum zero energy made by QED has a 10^120 magnitude difference. Compared to the experimentally observed value. This is called the cosmological constant problem or vacuum catastrophe.” (Wikipedia, Quantum electrodynamics)

Magnetars are the most powerful magnets in the universe. These extremely strong magnetic objects show that magnetic fields affect light. The extremely strong magnetic field forms a structure. Their waves make the field denser at some points. Those fields also trap ions in their magnetic lines. And those things can affect the course of photons. The problem with magnetars is their form as neutron stars. 

The main problem is how to separate gravitational and magnetic effects. And then particles that those fields collect.

Into them. They can also cause changes in photons’ trajectories. All gravitational objects pull gas and dust around them. This means it’s hard to separate gravitational and scattering effects. From. Each other. 

The magnetic field and gravitational field trap particles around those objects. The magnetic field can sort electrons and protons along the magnetic force lines. Their field is denser. This means that the magnetar sorts particles with an electric charge. In a form similar to how iron powder aligns around regular magnets. This means it is hard to see. 

If. Changes in photon trajectory. Caused by the magnetic field itself. Or do those changes happen because of changes in the particle volume? If. There are denser particle fronts in the magnetic field. That can also cause the change in the light trajectory. Strong magnetic fields can also form standing waves. That can affect the trajectory of light. When light travels in wave form. There is a possibility. That. Those waves can affect the photon trajectory. An extremely strong magnetic field can also heat gas. And ions become very hot. Ions and anions follow magnetic fields. But neutral gas follows the gravitational waves. 

That forms friction, and friction forms radiation. And that radiation can change photon trajectory. Another thing that can change the photon trajectory. It is another photon. Magnetars and their close environment send X- and gamma rays. That radiation forms in whirling gas. That high-energy radiation can change the photon's trajectory. But can a magnetic field affect light? That can happen because of another field. That means that when a magnetic field pulls another field into it. That other field can affect photons' trajectory. And, of course. Magnetar’s strong gravity. It can itself affect photons. 

https://scitechdaily.com/empty-space-may-not-be-empty-after-all-magnetar-reveals-a-bizarre-quantum-effect/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics

Quasistars, or black hole stars. Could they explain? Heavier-than-hydrogen particles formed? In the young universe?

“Stars (left) can be thought of as a dense ball of gas powered by nuclear fusion at their centers. Black holes (center) typically grow by consuming matter via a pancake-like accretion disk. Black hole stars (right) represent a new kind of object — nascent black holes enshrouded in dense gas. Such. That they effectively radiate in a star-like manner. The accreting black hole, as the power source, plays the role of nuclear fusion, and the dense surrounding gas acts similarly to a pseudo-photosphere.” (MIT News, Astronomers discover a brand-new type of astrophysical object: A black hole star)

A new explanation for “Little red dots” at the dawn of time is that they are so-called black hole stars. The JWST telescope discovered those distant objects. And now astronomers suggest that those dots could be black hole stars. Astronomers found an object called MoM-BH*-1 that is so-called black hole star. Often also known as a quasistar. The quasistar is a little bit like a quasar. In that formation, black holes pull matter inside them symmetrically. 

This means a quasistar looks like a giant red giant. This kind of formation forms when a particle cloud symmetrically surrounds a black hole. That forms a structure. That looks like a star. But its size is enormous. Material flows into that structure, forming flows. They make hydrogen atoms impact each other. This flow forms fusion in that massive and weird structure. 

Could it be possible? That. Those little red dots could be quasistars or black hole stars. Could form first. Heavier-than-hydrogen elements. In the very young universe. In this model, those little red dots formed fusion. That made heavier atoms in the hydrogen universe. This model introduces that the first black holes formed. 

Straight. From radiation. Or from some collapsing bubble. That pulled hydrogen atoms close to each other. This formed a gravitational center. That formed the black holes. 

Anyway. The key question is always. Which formed first? Particles or black holes? If particles formed first. Did those first black holes form from quark-gluon plasma? Any particle with mass can form a black hole. And there is a small possibility. That the guoballs. 

Gluonic matter can explain the first black holes. In a very young universe, the energy level was very high. That energy can turn gluoballs into a stable form. When the energy level decreased, gluonic balls evaporated. Those balls formed cosmic vacuums. And then other particles fell into that microvacuum.

“Astronomers have discovered a “black hole star,” an extremely bright red spot in the early universe that appears to be a new type of astrophysical object. It resembles an enormous star. But its energy production is closer to what a black hole might generate. Credits: Image: Jose-Luis Olivares, MIT”. (MIT News, Astronomers discover a brand-new type of astrophysical object: A black hole star) 

This is impossible in the modern universe. But in the past. Those black hole stars could be quite common. But then the universe lost its density. Quasistars lost. There is suspicion that Spica or Stephenson 2-18 could be black hole stars. 

Maybe. Quasistars could form in the modern universe. This requires that the black hole form in the center of the interstellar nebula. And that can bring a new interesting idea about those little red dots. Could those very interesting objects in the dawn of time form

In the extreme heat plasma just after the Big Bang? This means those little red dots are the glowing embers. From. The Big Bang. Maybe the first objects that transformed hydrogen into heavier elements were those quasistars. The fusion reaction in material vortices in the quasistars formed heat and pressure that enabled fusion between impacting hydrogen atoms. Maybe. Those little red dots formed heavier elements that made our universe possible.  Quasistars or black hole stars could explain how protons and electrons formed matter. Turn into heavier elements than hydrogen. 

https://news.mit.edu/2026/astronomers-discover-brand-new-type-astrophysical-object-black-hole-star-0812

https://www.science.org/content/article/behold-glueball-strange-new-form-matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Dots

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoM-BH*-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-star

The model of Hawking radiation. And black hole evaporation.

 

A quasar emits exceptional amounts of energy generated by matter falling into a supermassive black hole. Credit: NASA, ESA, and J. Olmsted (STScI). Thirty-one newly discovered ancient quasars are giving scientists their clearest view yet of the universe’s earliest giant black holes.” (ScitechDaily, The Universe Was Barely Born When These Giant Black Holes Appeared)

The universe. It was just born. When the giant black holes formed. 

The model of Hawking radiation. And black hole evaporation. Hawking radiation. It forms in black hole evaporation. One of the reasons why. A black hole. It is. so powerful. It Is that. A black hole is spinning. Its spin binds energy from around it. That makes a black hole act like a cold object. The singularity inside the black hole acts like a thermal pump. It binds energy as long as the material disk’s energy level is higher. Than. The singularity can bind. The energy level determines. 

The existence of the singularity. Energy that comes from outside. It presses electrons and quarks. Into one entity.  If that energy vanishes. That singularity starts to erupt. In a singularity, all particles that form atoms are under one quantum field. They turn into one entirety. A super particle. All elementary particles form one homogeneous particle. There are no internal structures in that matter. And that causes its form as a black hole. 

When the spinning speed accelerates. A black hole pulls and binds energy. And then the speed of the black hole’s spin slows. A black hole reabsorbs its energy. This means that the black hole’s shell sends an energy impulse against that spiral form. That breaks harmony. And it forms. The entropy in the system inside the event horizon. When a black hole’s spin accelerates, it binds energy. Energy travels in the black hole’s singularity. 

By following a nice-looking spiral trajectory. The lack of entropy means that there is no reflection. In reflection, a photon transfers energy into the particle’s quantum field. And then that quantum field sends an energy impulse. If something pulls energy out from the quantum field from another side. That thing forms a situation. Where there is no reflection. Reflection can also happen through the whirl. The particle pulls energy into the whirl. Then that whirl kicks energy back to the particle. And pushes it back. In the same way, we will jump on a trampoline. The jumper moves energy to the trampoline. And then the energy reflection pushes the jumper back. The reason why we cannot run on the water is that. We cannot move enough energy fast enough to liquid. Water molecules transport energy out from that point. 

In the same way. Superdegenenerated material in the singularity transports energy out from the impact point. The singularity is surrounded by the energy field. That pushes it into its form. The energy can travel to that material as long as. Its spin speed turns faster. When a black hole spins. Its whirl turns larger. And the whirl pushes energy into the black hole’s singularity. The whirl and singularity. They are in interaction. The whirl denies the singularity to release its energy. And when that whirl vanishes. Nothing can keep a black hole in its form. 

Nothing can escape inside the event horizon. But there is a possibility that something can steal energy. From the point of the event horizon. This is possible without breaking the laws of nature. The speed of light depends on the density of matter. This means that light travels more slowly in the black hole’s material disk than outside it. We could see that difference. Only if we stand out from the space. When the material disk escapes from the event horizon. That thing causes a situation where there is a hole. The speed of light is faster than the speed of light. It is outside that point. If some kind of string or particle falls into the event horizon. And that material disk jumps away from that point. 

The quantum field or string. It can conduct energy out from that point. When a material disk jumps out from the event horizon. That causes the effect. That event horizon falls in. This ditch in the event horizon forms because the speed of light changes at that point. Things that affect the speed of light. They are the density of matter and radiation. This is why the speed of light is slower in the atmosphere. Than. It is in the vacuum. And this means. The speed of light is slower in the black hole’s material disk. Than outside it. The speed of light is the speed of a photon. That speed is always top. But the speed of a photon depends on the environment. 

The universe was very young. When the giant black holes formed. The reason for the ultimate size of those old black holes was the density of the young universe.  The young universe was denser. And those black holes pulled more matter and energy inside them than black holes pull in the modern universe. The resistance or pressure from surrounding matter and quantum fields pressed those black holes into their form. Then the universe’s expansion. It decreased the counter pressure. And that let those black holes expand. That is a very simplified explanation. Another reason for this. That expansion happens due to entropy. The speed of light in the young universe was different. 

The entropy in the young universe was higher. This means that. The difference in entropy between the black hole’s halo, material disk, and its environment. It was higher. But in the black hole’s material disk, that entropy is always lower than around it. That causes the pull of that massive object. Inside the black hole. There is no entropy at all. And that causes an effect. That nothing can escape from it. When material escapes from a gravitational field. The field loads energy into that particle. Then the particle requires something. That makes it turn back. Entropy: the disorder in the system. It forms a whirl. 

And then the particle. It can push against that whirl. If that whirl doesn’t form. There is nothing that the particle can push against. And that thing causes the fall of the matter. One of the ways. That can cause an object like a photon to escape is that the photon pushes against other photons. That is trapped at the point. Of the event horizon. When the photon sends an energy impulse to another photon or particle that is trapped at that point. That lower photon transfers its energy to that higher photon. And that means the energy is stolen from the black hole. 

The interaction between the black hole and its environment goes like this: If the black hole’s evaporation is so strong. That falling matter cannot replace lost mass and energy. The black hole shrinks. And if it gets more energy and matter. Than. It loses in its evaporation. The black hole expands. The evaporation. It is the reason for the Hawking radiation. There are a couple of things. That can cause the black hole to lose a photon or energy. 

One is a very low-energy photon. That photon can steal energy from a black hole. The idea is that. This kind of photon can act like icy water. When its energy level is lower than a black hole’s, photons. That lower-energy photon. It just binds energy from the black hole. Into it. When that happens, a black hole loses a little bit of its mass. The surface area of the black hole. It determines the evaporation speed. The small black hole. It has a larger surface area. Relation. To its volume than a large black hole. That means. Smaller black hole evaporation. It is stronger than the larger ones. The escape velocity at the point of the event horizon. It is always the speed of light. But the environment determines the speed of light. If the environment is dense. The speed of light is lower. Than. If the black hole is in a low-density region. 

Another version of that model is the photon. It starts to orbit the black hole. Just at the point of the event horizon. That point is not as stable as we might think. And the waves of that point can cause a situation. That photon will escape from the point of the event horizon. The photon escapes because the event horizon escapes. And leaves the photon outside it. There is also a possibility that the photon focuses energy. In the middle of it. If a photon gets all its energy from the event horizon. It can form a quantum dot. That can drive energy out. From the point of the event horizon. The whirl that forms just at the point of the event horizon. It can push energy to other particles. 

The third version is that the black hole can form a so-called parasite black hole. In its material disk or halo. This so-called “parasite” black hole can exist for a very short time. But it can steal photons from the black hole’s event horizon. The idea is that. Another black hole takes a photon out from the point of the event horizon. And if that photon travels past the other black hole. The energy that the black hole pumped into that photon is lost forever.

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-was-barely-born-when-these-giant-black-holes-appeared/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

Dark matter is not ruled out as the cause of the Milky Way's strange glow.

“An image of the gamma-ray excess observed at the center of the Milky Way, overlaid on an optical image of the galaxy. Scientists have debated the origin of this excess and whether it could be caused by dark matter for more than a decade. Credit: NASA; A. Mellinger/Central Michigan University; T. Linden/University of Chicago” (ScitechDaily, The Milky Way’s Mysterious Glow May Be Dark Matter After All)

Milky Way’s strange glow. The high-energy gamma-ray emission caused grey hair among astronomers. There is suspicion that the annihilating dark matter. It can cause the gamma-ray glow. This suggests that gamma-ray emission can occur when high-density dark matter particles collide. That can explain why this halo seems to come from the Sagittarius A. Sgr*A. Or around it. This means that the dark matter. 

It can form a similar material disk. Around the SgrA as visible matter. The material disk around the Sgr*A. It is one. Of the highest energy objects in the universe. This means that. The energy level in the dark matter material disk would be enormous. But can dark matter send gamma-rays? That is one of the things that answers require more observations. If there is some kind of annihilation between those dark matter particles. 

That should require. That. There is also an anti-matter version of the dark matter. This means that the hypothetical dark matter particles. They should have an anti-particle pair. But nobody has seen a dark matter particle yet. The glow can also form. In the friction between dark matter particles in the extremely dense energy field. But if dark matter sends gamma-rays. That causes this glow. 

The gamma-ray glow. It can come directly from dark matter. Or it can be an emission radiation from other particles. This means that in an extremely high-energy area. The matter moves very fast. This can cause a situation. That dark energy that the dark matter sends. It can cause visible interaction with some material particles. The glow could also form. When dark matter particles hit electrons. If those impacts happen often enough. That thing. It can raise the energy level in those visible particles. That we can see that reaction. 

There is a model about dark matter. The idea is that dark matter actually glows. Or we could see that thing. But the glow from the visible particles covers that glow below it. If dark matter particles send dark energy. That energy could have such a short wavelength. That gamma-rays could cover that thin layer below it. If that is right. The dark matter particle. It’s a very small and high-energy particle. There is a model. That's the dark matter particles. They are the same as mythical gravitons. 

The idea is that. The dark matter particle. It is a quantum-sized black hole. If that is right. The quantum-sized black holes. Smaller than quarks. They can also send dark energy. Those quantum black holes. They have similar halos, energy disks, and relativistic jets. As normal black holes  have. Those things are only a far smaller size. So, when those halos and transition disks impact each other. That thing can send gamma-rays. If that model. It's true. The relativistic jet that those black holes form. It can turn into a superstring. 

In this model. In the middle of every single particle is a quantum-size black hole. The shell of the particle. It will be the halo of those extremely small black holes. 

This means that those quantum-sized relativistic jets are things. That makes particles pull each other. When that quantum jet hits a lower-energy particle. That lower energy particle. Pulls energy from that string. That will pull the other particle. To that lower energy particle. Or rather saying. Lower energy particle. It pulls fields to it. Then that field falls. The higher energy particle. Then that higher-energy particle points its relativistic jet at another particle. And then. The lower energy particle pulls. The higher energy particle. To it.

This could explain many things. Like annihilation. The annihilation forms. When opposite-spinning quantum fields touch each other.  This means that. This effect is similar to the collimation of the larger black holes. That can explain the gamma-ray burst in annihilation. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-milky-ways-mysterious-glow-may-be-dark-matter-after-all/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*

Reseachers turned ordinary sunlight into UV-light.

“A new solid-state material from Kyushu University turns visible light into high-energy UV at sunlight intensity. By attaching alkyl chains to the sp3 carbon atoms of an organic molecule, the researchers create precisely controlled gaps between neighboring molecules. This spacing enables efficient triplet energy transfer, achieving a quantum yield above 60% in the solid state. When combined with a donor molecule. The system reaches 1.9% visible-to-UV upconversion efficiency. Credit: Naoyuki Harada / Kyushu University” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Turn Ordinary Sunlight Into UV Light in Major Energy Breakthrough)

“Sunlight just got an upgrade: Scientists have developed a material that converts ordinary sunshine into UV light, opening new possibilities for solar-powered technologies.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Turn Ordinary Sunlight Into UV Light in Major Energy Breakthrough)

“Imagine pouring two cups of warm water together and expecting to get one cup of boiling water. That is impossible in everyday life, but something similar can happen in the quantum world. There, two low-energy particles of light, known as photons, can combine their energy to create a single photon with much higher energy.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Turn Ordinary Sunlight Into UV Light in Major Energy Breakthrough)

Japanese reseachers have created the solid state material. That can transform sunlight, or visible light, into UV light. This system creates. Two UV photons per 100 regular visible light photons.  This means that the efficiency of that system is about 2%. But that system. It can be. The pathfinder for new types of quantum systems. 

In the quantum world, it’s possible to combine two or more lower-energy photons into one high-energy entirety. The ability to connect photons makes it possible. To create high-energy photons. This means that by connecting photons, reseachers can create photons. That energy level is the same as gamma rays. This could be possible in cases where the reseachers can manipulate single photons. 

Photonics opens new paths to high-energy systems. And a high-energy  photon. That impact on an atom's nucleus can raise the energy level in the atom’s core very high. These types of things can be used in military and civil applications. The high-energy photons that impact the electron cloud. It can be used to create gamma-ray impulses. Those gamma-rays. They can be used in the highly effective gamma-ray translumination systems. 

This type of technology. It makes it possible to create coherent, or almost coherent. Gamma-rays. The system can look. A little bit like the acoustic devices that create the coherent acoustic waves. The gamma-ray sources involve electrons. And then the high-energy photons impact those electrons. Then they send the gamma-ray emission. Coherent gamma-rays can have multiple purposes. The ability to create and focus gamma-rays without fission. It can offer the possibility. To create science. That is not always as good. As we want. 

Above. Diagram of the gamma-ray lasers. 

1) Gamma-ray sources. The magnetic boxes. There. Electrons are trapped. Then the high-energy photon cloud injects energy into those electrons. The side-coming gamma-rays will press the gamma-ray that the bottom system sends into a coherent form. 

2) They release gamma-rays. The nanotechnical version can use the atom chains. Those are in the fullerene nanotube. Then those atoms send the gamma-ray impulse through their electrons. The energy impulse can happen by inputting light quanta into their core. 

Photonic fission, or photonuclear fission, and molecule-level quantum erasing. 

First, the photonic nuclear fission is not fission. It’s so-called quasifission. The atom that gets energy quanta. That rips it in pieces. During that process. The bonds between protons and neutrons release energy. That is stored in them. Those so-called nuclear isomer systems make it possible to create the nuclear bomb. Without fallout. 

“A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus in which one or more nucleons (protons or neutrons) occupy excited state levels (higher energy levels). "Metastable" describes nuclei whose excited states have half-lives of 10−9 seconds or longer,100 to 1000 times longer than the half-lives of the excited nuclear states that decay with a "prompt" half-life (ordinarily on the order of 10−12 seconds). Some references recommend using a threshold of 5×10−9 seconds to distinguish the metastable half-life from the normal "prompt" gamma-emission half-life” (Wikipedia, Nuclear isomer)

“In the latter half of 1998, a small clutch of researchers and students at the University of Texas embarked upon a groundbreaking experiment. Within a large outbuilding marked with a slapdash sign reading “Center for Quantum Electronics”, the team powered up a makeshift X-ray emitter and directed its radiation beam at an overturned disposable coffee cup. Atop the improvised styrofoam platform was a tiny smear of one of the most expensive materials on Earth: a variation of the chemical element hafnium known as Hf-178-m2. (DamnInteresting, Half Science and Hafnium Bombs)

DoD investigated that material as an energy source. But they desire that the system is too expensive. The thorium nuclear systems. They can also use the photonic fissions. The system shoots photonic quanta into the thorium atoms. But the fact is that. The hafnium bomb. It could also give. A booster energy for the hydrogen bomb. 

The big question is this: could this thing make it possible to create a similar effect in other heavy, but stable atoms? Or could photonic fission cause a chain reaction in bismuth atoms? Photonuclear fission reactions can also turn. Things. Like bismuth and lead into nuclear fissile matter. 

Hafnium is the element 72. So there are stable elements behind it before radioactive elements. The problem is that most of those elements are expensive. But the lead could be interesting. For that purpose.

Those atoms are gold and heavier atoms. Those are near the radioactive non-stable elements.  There is a possibility that. The heavier than Hafnium atoms. They could also make similar effects as Hafnium. But most of them  are very expensive. Except lead. But successful photonic fission in lead is possible only in the very pure lead structures. Another requirement is the material. It must be dense  enough. Then the system. It must send the energy impulse precisely in the center of that object. The crossing gamma-rays. They could also cross in the middle of the lead ball. Or nanotechnical injectors can inject light quanta into the center of the lead ball. 

The most feared systems. That those high-energy photons can make. These are so-called non-radioactive decay. Or quasifission. This effect is called photonic fission. The idea is that. The right systems can adjust an atom’s core into a higher energy level. When that energy pumping ends. Those atoms’ cores send a high-energy impulse. To an atom’s electron shell. This happens because an atom will release. It's extra energy in the moment. Where that energy pumping ends. 

The photon fission means cases. The photonic impulses to the atom’s core cause decay. This thing means things like Hafnium bombs into reality. The system. It can use a nanotechnical gamma-ray injector for that purpose. The system must only transmit energy quanta straight into the atom’s core. If this kind of quantum eraser system is possible to make. That system can make it possible to create a system. 

That puts things like metals that just vanish. If that happens in a vehicle, ship, or aircraft. That can cause a thin.  That we can call “Bermuda Syndrome”. If the system injects energy straight into the atom’s core. That energy travels out from the atom’s nucleus. Blowes its electrons away. And if the energy impulse has enough power. That thing rips the entire atomic structure into pieces. We could see that thing as the vanishing aircraft or other structure. 

If that energy impulse has a high enough energy level. That impulse rips electrons out from their orbitals. In the cases of very heavy but stable atoms. The escaping electrons. They can rip an atom’s core into pieces. This is  the idea of things like Hafnium bombs. The nano-size gamma-laser. It can launch light quanta into the atom’s core. The requirement for those systems is this. The light quanta must not touch the photon shell. If the system. It can raise the atom’s core energy level high enough in relation to its electrons. 

That thing can make things like Hafnium bombs possible. The difference between photonics-based and traditional laser technology is simple. Regular lasers will affect electron shells and orbitals. And then those electron shells inject energy into the atom’s nucleus. The quantum photonic system makes it possible to inject energy directly into the atom’s core. This means that the energy of the atom’s core rises higher in relation to regular laser-based energy injections. 

In regular lasers, the system raises the most out of the electron’s energy level. And that presses the atoms together. The outer orbital’s energy level keeps the atom together. If the system. It can decrease the outer electrons. Energy level as low as possible. At the same time. The system. Its energy level in its core is very high. That makes it possible. The energy wave travels across the atom. And then pushes electrons out from its orbitals. 

https://www.damninteresting.com/half-science-and-hafnium-bombs/

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physics/articles/10.3389/fphy.2020.00040/full

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epja/s10050-024-01303-9

https://magica.com/youtube-summarizer/exploring-hafnium-bombs-the-potential-of-nuclear-isomers-as-a-new-weapon-FHPzQrJ8D7M

https://www.military.com/defensetech/2006/06/13/superbomb-or-crapshoot

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-turn-ordinary-sunlight-into-uv-light-in-major-energy-breakthrough/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium_controversy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_isomer

Gamma-rays from the center of the Milky Way can open the mystery of dark matter.

Can dark matter be the quantum-size version of the gravastars? 

Dark matter is a mystery. It is suggested that dark matter particles are so-called quantum-size black holes. Einstein’s  models suggest that any objects in the universe. They can turn into black holes. This thing happens. When outside radiation presses electrons into an atom’s core. Then the radiation must “only” melt the particles in the atom’s core. Into one entirety. This entirety is called singularity. There is a suggestion that all particles involve a quantum-sized black hole. And the thing. What we see as a particle is the halo of the quantum-size black hole. 

Then to the hypothetical. gravastars. If we think that the quantum-sized black holes exist. We can think. That. The quantum-sized versions of gravistars or gravitational vacuum stars. Also existed. The gravastar. It could solve many problems in fundamental physics. The gravastar explains dark energy. That. If the shell of a gravastar, or a quantum-sized gravastar, breaks. That lets the gravitational field travel into that gravitational vacuum. That causes the effect. That is similar to a vacuum bomb. That vacuum. It can collect and focus energy. Into the middle of it. 

But some other new models suggest that some black holes are actually gravastars. So-called hollow singularities. There, the entire mass of the object is in that object’s core. The hypothetical gravitational vacuum stars are also dense objects. But their matter is like a ball around the area. Its gravity affects symmetrically from its edge. And that forms the gravitational vacuum in the middle of that object.  

So there is a possibility. The microlensing forms a situation. Their energy focuses straight into the center of the atom’s core. That thing can cause the photonic nuclear reaction. That can cause the neutron decay. Or it could transform a proton in the atom’s nucleus into an anti-proton. That can cause. A nuclear reaction that throws the mass of an entire atom into a ball-shaped structure. And that thing means that the dark matter. It could be like a quantum-sized version of the gravastar. 

“A diagram comparing the structure of a classical black hole with a gravastar.” (Wikipedia, Gravastar)

And then to the gamma-rays from the Sagittarius A*.

Strange gamma-ray bursts from near the Milky Way’s center. They are things that are suggested to be from dark matter. But then we can imagine situation that the high-power radiation from the Sgr A*(Sagittarius A*), the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way can form that gamma-ray. The idea is that the extremely high-energy radiation comes from the black hole’s accretion disk, pushing electrons away from the atomic nucleus. When that radiation hits electrons. And free protons that form when hydrogen atoms release their electrons. 

Proton has two up and one down quark.  It is a possibility. The energy impulse can turn an up quark into a down quark. And if that happens in the proton, that baryon turns into a neutron. The neutron involves two down quarks and one up quark. The down quark is a higher-energy particle than the up quark. And neutron decay. It means that the down quark turns back into an up quark.  Also, a high-energy photon. It can cause a photo-nuclear reaction in an atom’s core. The photo-nuclear reaction forms in a situation. That atom transforms into a very high-excitation state. That state can cause a situation. The neutrons start to decay in the atom’s core. 

Those high-power radiation quanta can transform those protons. 

Another up quark. Into down quarks that transform those protons into neutrons. Because the energy level in the material disk around the Sgr A* changes. Those changes can cause decay in just-born neutrons. So that down quark transforms back to an up quark. And that reaction. It releases a W-boson and electrons. The decay produces one proton, two electrons, and one electron antineutrino. So, it's possible that the electron antineutrino hits the electron neutrino. And that should release some kind of radiation. But the radiation that comes from that acceleration disk pushes those electrons away. When those high-energy electrons are far enough from the Sgr A* they realease their extra energy as gamma-ray quanta. 

There are three possible sources. For those gamma-rays. 

1) Still hypothetical dark matter particles. 

2) Nautrons that can form in the high-energy radiation. Or the radiation from Sgr A* can destroy atom nucleus and release those neutrons. Then, neutron decay sends electrons. Or, one proton, two electrons. And one electron antineutrino. 

3) Electrons that high-energy radiation releases from their orbitals. When those electrons travel away from Sgr A*. And the energy transfer to those electrons ends. That thing makes them send gamma-rays. 

Some effects near supermassive black holes are not actually very exotic. Those things can happen more often than anywhere else. This means that the mysterious gamma rays can open the path. To find out the mystery of dark matter. The mystery is. Are dark matter particles? If they exist, a source for those gamma-ray bursts. There is a question. Does dark matter even have a particle form? And if those hypothetical particles are the source of those gamma-rays. 

That radiation. It can form when those particles impact. Or it can be the transformation radiation. That means the black hole radiation. It can transform particles into dark matter. The idea is that. The spin of the particle turns into 1 or higher. That thing means that the particle can turn invisible. As long as it binds energy inside it. So it's possible. That. The high-energy radiation. It can turn a particle invisible. And maybe that transformation. It can be seen as gamma-ray flashes. 

The thing. That dark matter causes a gravitational effect. It means that the dark matter should surround any black hole in the universe. Or actually, every gravity center will pack dark matter around it. But the problem is this. Nobody has seen dark matter yet. So, the dark matter halo. The matter. The matter that surrounds supermassive black holes should be large and dense enough. The astronomers could observe that strange matter. The dark matter could lens light. But that thing is very hard to separate from the gravitational lensing. 

The problem with that thing. It is the high-energy material disk around the black hole. The high-energy, extremely bright material disk. Covers the dark matter below it. In the same way, a traffic light can cover dust and snow below its brightness.  And maybe those very dense objects. They can deliver information about the strange gravitational effect. Known as dark matter. 

https://www.space.com/astronomy/dark-universe/a-mysterious-gamma-ray-stream-comes-from-the-milky-ways-center-could-dark-matter-have-something-to-do-with-it

https://www.space.com/astronomy/dark-universe/supermassive-black-holes-may-be-surrounded-by-dark-matter-clusters-new-echo-map-technique-suggests

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_neutron_decay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravastar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_emission

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

Time is not universal.

The time is not stable. Even in our solar system. Time runs differently on different planets. Clock runs faster on Mars than on Earth. The difference is minimal. But that causes problems with atom clocks. And that is the thing that makes problems for things like GPS on Mars. Same way. The massive stars cause time to move more slowly, for example, near Betelgeuse than near the Sun. In the same way, there are points in the universe. 

There is no time. The thing that makes time run slower on Earth. Than. On Mars are the quantum fields. The larger and heavier object. The Earth pulls quantum fields denser near Earth. Than Mars. And that causes the situation. The particles' evaporation is slower near Earth. These kinds of things matter in very high-energy and massive particles. But this raises a question: Is time an illusion? The quantum interaction that we see is a particle’s evaporation. Or particles turn into wave movement. This is one of the ways we see time. When we think about the ultimate objects. 

Black holes, we can say that there is a point. There is no time. Time depends on the speed. The photon that travels at the speed of light has no time. In the same way, the black hole’s event horizon is the point. There is no time. Time dilation means that the particle’s evaporation turns slower. In the speed of light. And in these cases, the escaping velocity is the same. 

As the speed of light. That means time is stopped. When escaping velocity. Turns higher than the speed of light. That turns particles younger. And if the escaping velocity is higher. Than the speed of light. The particle delivers photons. And that means. It turns into a wave movement. 

The particle. That is. On that point. Reaches energy stability. The particle receives as much energy as it releases. And that means that. The particle will not turn. Younger or older. If the particle’s spin is high enough. It could store more energy than it releases. And that will make that particle invisible. 

So, as long as particle packs quantum fields around it. It turns younger. But that thing makes it a black hole. The object that binds more energy than it releases. The idea of the Tipler cylinder. Or Tipler's time machine is simple. The cylinder that surrounds things like giant spaceships spins at the speed of light. That denies aging in that spaceship. But the problem is this. The Tipler’s cylinder just locks energy in the objects. That means the particles’ energy level stays stable. But the expansion of the universe causes a situation. 

There, the energy level around the cylinder decreases. And if the craft sometimes comes out of that cylinder. That thing can cause energy escape. That destroys the craft. So the expansion of the universe decreases its energy level. Or, it decreases the energy level of the visible energy. The expansion of the universe causes matter evaporation. 

Because it decreases the energy level of the quantum fields. This means that the expansion of the universe. Causes a situation. That matter turns into energy. And that is one determinant for time. But another determinant is this. We can lock time. We can turn particles younger. But can we make a time machine? If we want to travel to the future, we can create the Tipler cylinder. 

If the particle’s evaporation happens in the cosmic voids or outside the universe. That evaporation can be a source of dark energy. When particles send light quanta into cosmic voids. Or, outside the universe. Those light quanta travel faster than they should. When they impact denser or stronger quantum fields. 

They will send subquanta. That means that dark energy could be seen as some kind of Cherenkov radiation. Another thing is this. When a neutron travels out from the atom's core. Their existence remains about 15 minutes. Then down qurk turns. Into up quark sending W-boson.  This means that the down quark doesn’t turn into an electron. Itself. The other down quark. It forms a W-boson, and that sends an electron. The down quark turns into an up quark. And a neutron turns into a proton. 

Then neutrons turn into electrons, protons, and an antineutrino. This happens when quarks turn into those particles. There is a small possibility that the dark energy could be radiation.  That quarks send just before they turn into some other particles. The dark energy could be a result of radiation. That is sourced. in some extremely short-lived particle. 

That is a one-way time machine. But in the case that we want to travel to the past. We need time. That affects the space.  Does time affect space? We know that retrocausality is real. This means that information can travel from the future to the past. The retrocausality means a situation. That particle or information  seems to reach its goal. Before it is left from the beginning point. This means that the matter. Or photons, or electrons  that traveled through quantum fields. 

Like a cloud of ultra-cold radium atoms, aging slower than they should. This means that gamma-rays from those atoms pump energy into those photons or electrons. This doesn’t mean that those objects will not reach the goal before they leave from the start. That means that gamma-rays can slow down individual particles' aging. But if we want to create real retrocausality. We must realize the situation. Something that comes from the future exists from that point. This means that retrocausality. It is a very hard thing to prove. 

But if we think that the gravity field and escape velocity slow the aging of particles. We call that thing time dilation. Things like cosmic voids cause opposite time dilation. Their extremely low energy quantum fields. Let energy escape faster. From the particles. This means that time moves faster in cosmic voids. If the energy level outside the universe is lower. Than. It's in the universe. And there the particles evaporate immediately. There is a possibility that this kind of evaporation. The particles are the reason for the dark energy. 

When we think that the time is particle evaporation. That means time stops somewhere in the future. When all matter turns back. Into energy. That means that time is over. But otherwise, if time affects space. Not. Just matter. That causes a situation. That may be how black holes transport information back to the point. There it left. 

https://www.aol.com/physicists-discover-time-may-illusion-115100062.html

https://www.livescience.com/physics-mathematics/quantum-physics/time-might-be-a-mirage-created-by-quantum-physics-study-suggests

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a71526768/curved-time/

The size matters in cosmological models.

“Two images from the Quijote simulations used in this study. The panels show the same region of the Universe, but in different cosmological models. The top image corresponds. To the standard ΛCDM, adiabatic cold dark matter model, while the bottom image shows a universe with massive neutrinos and modified gravity. “(ScitechDaily, AI Learned the Rules of the Universe and That Became a Problem)

The differences are subtle, but they reveal how changes in the underlying physics can affect the formation and distribution of cosmic structures. Credit: Francisco Villaescusa-Navarro (ScitechDaily, AI Learned the Rules of the Universe and That Became a Problem)

The term ACDM can also mean : the associated critical data model. That is the critical tool, when the sensor. It transmits information to the AI. 

AI can help cosmologists, but it can also become a problem. 

The method researchers call transferable learning can help them develop new models in cosmology and many other things. The term transferable learning. Means when the system learns something. It can apply. That learned thing. To other similar cases. So, when AI sees similar curves in some other cases. It can use things that it has already learned. To that other problem. This means that. The researchers must not always. Begin the training process. From the beginning. 

The AI can search for similarities for the new thing in its memory. And if there is a match. That thing means that the AI. It can use that model for reaction. This should make AI more effective. The problem is this. The AI selects its sources using statistics. And that can make it hard to bring new data for the AI. Old research. They are very often-used sources. If somewhere is the new data. Before, nobody used the new data as a source. Old data dominates search engines. The AI is an excellent tool. When it must collect and analyse data from the galaxy movements. 

But in cases like supermassive neutrons, the AI is in trouble. The AI is the best in business. When it must analyze precise information. Things like galaxy clusters and their movements are precise information. But in cases like supermassive neutrinos. The AI is not very good. At things where it must create models for new physics. When AI must observe phenomena. It can interpret them as the same. Even if they are different. Or in the cases. 

There are some observations. Objects’ temperatures change. The AI might not know that the object’s temperature can change virtually. Because if something travels between the telescope and the object. That means. that the brightness or temperature. That reaches the observer changes. The AI might not notice things like clouds. In the Earth's atmosphere. Or other surprises when it observes some targets like Cepheid variables. If the system doesn’t know about that thing. It can recognize the Cepheid variable as a new star. If it doesn’t know that the star is a Cepheid. 

When AI tries to analyze a certain point. That thing is very hard to do. But when AI must analyze. A very large entirety. The AI becomes more effective. The AI sees things. Like movements of galaxy clusters. And it can make. An analysis of the changes in those movements. We can use fuzzy logic to analyze how the star clusters move in the galaxy. But then we face a problem. If we try to predict. The movement of the galaxy. In its supercluster. That is hard. 

We must know the entire system to make. A complete analysis with high precision. 

The problem is in perspective. The thing that seems large on Earth. Seems very small in the scale of the Sun. And the sun seems very small in the scale of the galaxy. When the scale of the system turns bigger. The forces in the system are also stronger. In big systems. The phenomenon scale is larger. But they affect more slowly. From our perspective. The forces that travel between galaxies take millions of years to reach other galaxies. The distance between the Andromeda galaxy and the Milky Way. It is 2.6 million ly. So light travels 2,6 million years from that galaxy to the Milky Way. And that means that any force traveling between those galaxies needs 2,6 million years for that trip. 

When we try to create a model. Of how one small sand bite behaves in a river. We must know many things. Like changes in the forces that affect the sand bite. But if we want to predict how the sand bottom behaves in the river. We can make that calculation very easily. When we think about galaxies. Stars are like sand bites on the bottom. 

One star’s behavior is hard to predict. But the entirety is quite easy to  calculate. And then we can go to bigger systems. In galactic superclusters, the galaxy is like sandbite on the bottom of the river. The force that affects the entire galaxy. Must be much harder than the force that affects sandbite. But millions of galaxies. They send. A very much. Energy. Many sudden things can happen in the galactic superclusters. Those events might not. Seem.

Like a very sudden thing. But an eruption in the core of the galaxy can start in milliseconds. Shockwave travels across the galaxy at the speed of light. So, if the star is at a distance. Of two light-years from the eruption source. The shockwave of radiation. It travels to that star. So, if Sagittarius A erupts violently in the core of our galaxy, the Milky Way. The radiation travels to Earth 26.000 years. The distance between Earth and that supermassive black hole. It’s 26.000 ly. The material, or plasma shockwaves, travel far behind that radiation shockwave. And the distance between plasma and wave movement increases all the time. 

 But. If things like supermassive black holes are in the trajectory. That makes them collide. That thing is very hard to change. When we face things like galactic superclusters. Things that happen on that scale seem very slow. But forces that put galaxies. To turn their trajectories into travel. At the speed of light. The force. That affects things. Like, turn their trajectories. Must affect a certain time with a certain force. 

If we want to create an AI that analyzes galactic clusters star by star. We cannot make that thing. In the galactic scale, it suddenly happens. Violent eruptions. Those eruptions can break the entire model. In the scale of superclusters, events like supernovas don’t have enough force to affect the macrosystem. But a supernova could destroy things like dwarf galaxies. But if the supernova explosion happens in dense star clusters. That shockwave. Can. Launch other supernova explosions. 

https://scitechdaily.com/ai-learned-the-rules-of-the-universe-and-that-became-a-problem/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*

About dark energy. And its existence.

"Astronomers say a new analysis has reinforced one of the most important discoveries in modern cosmology, finding that the universe is still expanding at an accelerating rate."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

"The result counters a controversial claim made in late 2025 that suggested dark energy, the mysterious phenomenon thought to drive the universe’s accelerating expansion, might be weakening. If true, that claim would have called into question decades of research and a cornerstone of modern astronomy."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

Astronomers confirmed dark energy. And that means the universe’s expansion continues to accelerate. So, dark energy will not turn weaker. It’s possible that because the gravitational effect between objects decreases. And the relation between gravity and dark energy changes. This means that the gravitational effect turns weaker. And the dark energy effect turns stronger. The fact is that. Also, visible energy interacts with structures in the universe. And at the beginning of the universe. Objects were closer. But things like plasma and energy were “denser”. 

So, that means that the energy effect in the young universe was stronger than in the modern universe. Dark energy is a wave motion. That originates in the unknown. There is suspicion that dark energy has its origin. In the particles, superstrings. The superstring forms a whisk-shaped structure. 

The expansion of the universe puts that structure to oscillate. Those superstrings´ oscillation. It forms a wave movement that they transmit around the universe. In that model, the dark energy is a wave movement. Its origin is in very small particles. The number of those particles is in this model. A very high. And that explains the effect of dark energy. It is visible only in relation to the large-scale structures. 

So, could those particles that form dark energy be photons? Photons are the ring- or a donut-shaped structure. And that means photons could focus energy. In the middle of it. In that case, the photon could focus energy. Like the Higgs field in the middle of it. That point. It can turn into a quantum-sized quasar. This means that the photon. It can theoretically form. 

The quantum-size Kugelblitz black hole. In the middle of it. There is a possibility that a photon traps a neutrino in the middle of it. And electromagnetic radiation affects that photon. Or the neutrino spins very fast. That thing can turn a neutrino into a quantum-sized black hole. And that could be a source. For dark energy. In some other models, A wave string travels. Through a photon. That string. It can act as the thermal pump that transports energy out from the photon. If that happens fast enough. The photon turns invisible. And it collects energy for that thermal pump. 

This means that dark energy must have an internal source in our universe. But before we see a particle that transmits dark energy. We cannot be sure what that strange force is. That rips the universe in pieces. This means that dark energy is formed when the universe is born in the Big Bang. The problem is this. If. The level of dark energy is always the same. 

And the universe expands. This means that. The dark energy. It does not have a connection. With the Big Bang. The energy level. The amount of dark energy should decrease when the universe expands. If that energy was released from the Big Bang or some ancient particles, send it. Before they turned into some existing elementary particles. If the source of the dark energy is lost. That energy should turn weaker. And that causes an interesting idea. 

The image of a photon. 

What if the source of dark energy is outside the universe? Things like antimatter-matter annihilation outside the universe. It can be the source of dark energy. 

This means that. It’s possible that there are some kind of radiation sources. People tried to explain dark energy. As evidence of a multiverse. In this theory, dark energy has a source. In other universes. In some other model. The dark energy forms when a hypothetical tachyon particle enters our universe. The entropy and scattering effects outside the universe are very low. 

So, these particles can travel faster. Than. They travel in the universe. This means that a tachyon is a particle that travels faster than it should. So when some particle comes from outside the universe. In the universe. That particle can travel faster. Than. It can travel in the universe. This causes an effect. The particle must slow its speed. The particle must release its energy. For slowing. This means that dark energy. It can be some kind of Cherenkov radiation. 

Cherenkov radiation forms when. A neutron comes out of a nuclear reactor. In a short moment, that particle travels faster than light travels in water. The neutron must slow its speed. And it sends a blue light shockwave. The same thing makes the sky blue. When a neutrino or electron hits the atmosphere. It travels faster than light does in the atmosphere. And this means. Those particles release their kinetic energy as the blue light flash. 

But if dark energy is some kind of Cherenkov radiation. That doesn’t mean that the source of those particles is in the other universes. The dark energy is visible only between galaxy superclusters. All galaxies have halos around them. That means that. The galaxies might be surrounded by a similar plasma halo that forms a heliopause around the Sun. The plasma bubble or standing impact wave. Forms when solar wind impacts stellar wind. The stellar wind. It is the particle flow from other stars. 

In the same way, galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters are probably surrounded by impact waves that form. When particle flow from other structures impacts the particle flow. That comes from galaxies in our clusters and superclusters. If those impact waves exist. They would be denser points in the universe. This means that. Scattering effect. It is stronger in that structure. This means that. The speed of light in that plasma wave is a little bit lower. 

The speed of light in and outside those plasma bubbles. So when a particle impacts that plasma bubble. It releases its energy into that plasma wave. This means the energy that the slowing particle sends. Continues as a wave in that plasma halo. This causes an effect. The plasma ball sends energy. Into the middle of it. This means. That this oscillating plasma interacts like a vacuum bomb. The energy that the plasma ball sends inside it. Reflects back. And that can mean that the plasma balls are the source of that mysterious energy. 

Or maybe particles that travel through wormholes. Are. The source of dark energy. The wormhole. It is a hypothetical energy tunnel. Through space and time. The energy level of those particles is higher than it should be. And they should release their energy. In the form of some kind of radiation.If there is no entropy in front of the particle that travels in a wormhole. Nothing limits its speed.  In the same way as when high-energy particles come out from galaxy superclusters, they send energy to space that is at a lower energy level than they are. 

Sometimes it is suggested that the dark matter particles form dark energy. When they evaporate. This would be an interesting idea. But nobody has seen dark matter. 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1131610

https://www.msn.com/en-us/science/astronomy/astronomers-debunk-controversial-study-confirm-universe-still-expanding-at-accelerating-rate/ar-AA25tzft

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260612032030.htm

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-confirm-dark-energy-after-shock-challenge-rocked-cosmology/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://spaceeyenews.com/dark-energy-acceleration-confirmed/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole