Reseachers make new models for dark matter formation.

"A new computational breakthrough is giving scientists a clearer view into how dark matter structures evolve.(ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

"Dark matter has remained one of the biggest mysteries in cosmology for almost a hundred years, shaping the universe while remaining invisible and poorly understood. A new study from researchers at the Perimeter Institute now introduces a computational tool designed to track the evolution of a particular dark matter candidate known as self-interacting dark matter halos. These enormous structures are thought to host galaxies such as the Milky Way." (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

"The study, published in Physical Review Letters, expands scientists’ ability to explore how different types of dark matter particle interactions influence the growth and behavior of cosmic structures over time." (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

There is one thing that a self-interacting dark matter halo can interact. That thing is another self-interacting dark matter halo.  The self-interaction means. The collisions and energy release in WIMPs, the hypothetical. Dark-matter particles. 

"Self-interacting dark matter is defined by the ability of its particles to collide with one another, while remaining effectively invisible to ordinary baryonic matter, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. This behavior has important consequences for dark matter halos, which many theorists believe are central to the processes that shape galaxies and trigger star formation." (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

“Dark matter forms relatively diffuse clumps which are still much denser than the average density of the universe,” says James Gurian, a postdoctoral fellow at Perimeter Institute. “The Milky Way and other galaxies live in these dark matter halos.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

The idea is this: if the dark matter is the thing. That sends dark energy. Dark energy can affect the dark matter halo around the galaxy. That means the dark energy can move the dark matter halo, and the galaxy in the middle of the halo moves with it. So what if the halothermic collapse in the dark matter forms dark energy and then expands the universe? When halothermic collapse happens, the universe’s center or dark matter centers turn denser, and they turn hotter. When dark matter particles, weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), are involved. 

Or. Axions send radiation. They send it with the wavelength. That is the same as the particle’s diameter. This means that the halothermic collapse. In the dark matter. Sends radiation that we call dark energy. Dark energy that pushes visible matter away from those dark matter centers. 

“The evolution of self-interacting dark matter halos is governed by a phenomenon known as gravothermal collapse. This process arises from a counterintuitive property of gravity, where systems bound by gravity become hotter rather than cooler as they lose energy.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

“Because self-interacting dark matter can carry energy through particle collisions, that energy gradually flows outward within a halo. As a result, the central region becomes increasingly hot and dense, driving further changes in the structure of the halo over time.”(ScitechDaily, Physicists Crack a New Code To Explore Dark Matter’s Hidden Life)

When we say that the halothermic collapse forms dark energy, we mean that the halothermic collapse increases free energy in the system. That collapse forms a denser or more powerful form when particles of the collapsing halo start. Getting. Closer to each other. And impact on each other. That releases free energy into the system. 

The focus of this research is on the so-called halothermic collapse. And gravity's counterintuitive property. That means when the system that gravity bounds turns hotter. While. It releases energy. This effect forms when the energy in the system decreases. And the particles fall closer to each other. Those particles that are closer to each other release energy. When the form of the halo structure is a ball, the most outer particles fly out from the structure faster than particles that are in the center of the structure. This causes an effect where the center of the structure is surrounded. By. A ring-shaped structure. That ring pumps energy into the ball-shaped halo.

During that process, those particles that flee out from the structure release energy faster than particles in the structure. And that means those particles are closer to each other, which makes energy denser. Those particles start to collide. And send more energy. And particles that flee from structure also deliver part of their energy to that system. At the same time, those particles lose their mass. At the same time, impacts with other particles release more energy. The big question is: how dense does that structure become? 

Could it turn into a black hole? If we follow this model, we find a model. The dark matter starts to pack in the middle of the universe. This means. That dark matter turns hotter. It sends a wave movement that we can call dark energy. So if the dark energy source is dark matter and its halothermic collapse, we can make one decision that can explain the interesting form of dark energy. The idea is that dark energy can interact with dark matter halos around galaxies. Those halos can be far larger than galaxies. And if dark energy moves that halo, it affects the gravity symmetry in the halo, and the galaxy in the middle of it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-crack-a-new-code-to-explore-dark-matters-hidden-life/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Why does everything exist?

 

In the very beginning of time and space. The event. Called: the Big Bang formed interference that caused the formation of matter. The Big Bang was not a single event. It was like a bubble. That fell into one point. And then energy reflected from that point. The Big Bang was like an oscillating bubble. The existence of matter requires that there was wave movement or even a static field in the space before the Big Bang happened. 

The Schwinger effect explains that particles are formed from the electromagnetic field. Or maybe. Some superstrings formed the whirls in the standing fields. There is a possibility. That's all the other wave fields. Like standing gravity waves, they can roll themselves into particles. The wave movement that should have existed before the Big Bang formed resistance. And that resistance formed the wave, which formed bubbles or whirls behind it. Without that resistance, the superstrings, which can be like small quantum tornadoes. Those quantum tornadoes formed quantum dots. That started to collect energy and wave movement around them. 

Maybe the Big Bang formed in the case that something oscillated the superstrings that caused the wave movement that traveled across the universe. The interference in or outside those quantum tornadoes can cause a situation where those small quantum tornadoes or quantum-size wormholes touch each other. And if energy traveled in the opposite direction, it formed the quantum-size electric arc. 

If we follow the model that all types of wave movements can pack into the same point, the quantum-size wormholes can make the quantum-size electric arc. And when we try to mimic the conditions at the beginning of the Universe. We forget that the quark-gluon plasma. At the beginning. The universe. It formed in conditions where the resistance was minimal. There were no such interferences as in the modern universe. 

Standard model with graviton, the gravitational wave transmitter, or gravitational transporter particle. The existence of the graviton is still hypothetical. But there is a possibility that the graviton exists in all particles. The graviton would be a particle that formed other particles around its shell. This means that all particles. Those that have mass should include the graviton. 

So, if the existence of the Universe is. The Schwinger. Effect doesn’t mean that the effect is formed in the electromagnetic field. It’s possible. That there formed hypothetical gravitons in the static field. Then those gravitons started to collect wave movement on their shell. Then those gravitons. Started. To grow into particles that we know as the Standard Model. 

The philosophical question about existence is this: if a bell rings in the forest, does it ring? The main idea is that. Even if we don’t have contact with that bell, we might think that it can ring. But. Otherwise, if the clock hand is removed, that clock will not ring. But we know that there is a clock. Well, there might be a clock in the forest, because we might have seen it yesterday. But otherwise, some other person. Might take it into the pocket. This means we cannot be sure. If. There is a bell still in the forest. Yesterday there was a bell, but now we cannot be sure. The bell exists. And because information cannot vanish. The information about the bell remains.  

If. We try to remember information and quantum theories. The information about that bell exists. But does the bell exist in the form of the bell? We might conclude that the information doesn’t depend on the object’s or space’s physical existence. But if existence requires interaction, the black hole that pulls objects behind the event horizon will remove matter from the universe. Otherwise, the black hole cannot destroy matter or information that is connected to matter. It just removes. Matter's. Ability to interact with its environment. 

When we think about wave-particle duality and the Schwinger effect, where wave movement turns into particles, and particles turn into wave movement. The impacting wave fields can form. The wire-shaped. A fast-spinning “worm” that can explain why. Can't we see the hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) or axions? The axion is the worm or rope-shaped structure of the traveling quantum tornadoes. Those quantum tori can be the quantum-size wormholes. Who have wrapped themselves around each other. 

When we talk about everything, we talk about matter. Matter is the thing that makes the universe exist. Then we can consider the existence of matter and think that the wave-particle duality is what makes matter exist. And in this moment, we must realize that matter is a condensed form of wave movement. In the same way, whether matter or otherwise, particles can turn into the wave movement, and wave movement can turn into matter. 

This causes one of the most interesting and important questions in the world. That question is a thing. That we don’t see. Exist or not? Does interaction, or visible interaction, determine existence? This means that. We should see things. That. They exist. But being invisible doesn’t mean non-existence. 

The holographic principle means that everything is actually holographic. This means that every type of wave movement can form the hologram. And the gravitational hologram formed the universe. This means that matter is condensed wave movement. 

And particles are actually an extremely dense hologram. So we could theoretically create a so dense hologram. That. It turns into a physical object. We can transform wave movement into quarks. So that means. Maybe someday. That thing called the Schwinger effect. It can turn even larger objects into wave movement and teleport them to other places. 

In modern cosmology, all matter began its existence in the Big Bang. Many times, people ask, what was the energy level of the Big Bang? We should rather ask, what was the relation between the Big Bang and its environment? 

The Big Bang was a series of events that caused interference. That formed whirls. And then those whirls in the energy field formed particles. This type of explanation doesn’t include the expansion of the Universe. This means that in the past it was probably. Particles and particle groups that don’t exist anymore. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/reality-objective-exist/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/something-instead-of-nothing/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Sterile neutrinos, tachyons, and axions. Can they explain why matter exists?

"Inner view of the large electrostatic spectrometer of the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment (KATRIN), the world’s most accurate neutrino scale. Credit: Michael Zacher/KIT, KATRIN collaboration" (ScitechDaily, Physicists Tighten the Net Around the Elusive Sterile Neutrino)

Reseachers closing the elusive sterile neutrino. The sterile neutrino is a very hard-to-detect particle. The particle itself will be so small, or so different than other neutrinos, that it will not exist for a long time. The sterile neutrino means that there are no quantum fields that left their marks on that neutrino. When a neutrino travels through quantum fields, those fields leave their marks on it. This means the neutrino turns dirty. And this is one of the biggest problems with physics. Neutrino is the next-generation tool for reseachers to make observations. It’s possible that the sensor can remove fields from the shell of the neutrino. 

But the sensor must know. What the neutrino is and what. Is the field. To determine the field that the sensor must detect and analyze, it must know the original values of the neutrino. If. The system knows the neutrino’s original values. Like. Its original energy level. Another possibility is that the sterile neutrino can prove the existence of a wormhole. If a neutrino can travel through the wormhole, it will not take quantum fields on its shell. And that means the neutrino can stay sterile. 

The standard model of physics. There is sometimes a marked graviton. The graviton. It is a hypothetical gravitation wave transporter. The graviton should exist. And sometimes some reseachers suggest that the graviton is the quantum-scale black hole. Another suggestion is that the graviton is the same thing as the axion. If an axion spins very fast, it rolls quantum fields on its shell. And that can explain dark matter, the mysterious gravitational effect in the universe. That can also explain dark energy. When the universe’s energy level turns lower, the axion releases its energy. 

Neutrino beams can also create wormholes in the electromagnetic fields. The neutrino beam can push those fields away their way. And then. This thing. It can make interstellar travel closer to reality. The idea is that the neutrino beam. It makes a hole in quantum fields. And then the energy that comes. Behind pushes particles or craft into the tunnel. 

A neutrino is a fermion type.  Its position is in leptons. So. That means Neutrino should be able to make similar bonds and interactions with other leptons. But there is no evidence that neutrinos form any shell to matter. The weak interaction creates neutrinos. Those neutrinos are: 

1) electron neutrino, νe

2) muon neutrino, νμ

3) tau neutrino, ντ

"Physicists have long suspected that elusive particles known as axions could help explain the hidden matter shaping the universe. While the idea even made its way into popular culture, solving the problem proved more difficult than fiction suggested. Credit: Shutterstock. A new theoretical study suggests fusion reactors could do more than generate energy, they might also produce particles linked to dark matter." (ScitechDaily, Dark Matter Breakthrough: Physicists Crack “Big Bang Theory” Puzzle)

There is a suggestion that dark matter particles that impact each other can form energy. Those impacting dark matter particles. Or. An energy impulse from that particle can form. A hole in the quantum fields. That means energy impulse from axions makes the vacuum or cosmic bubble. Then that bubble collapses. And. The effect is similar to a vacuum bomb. When a bubble or void collapses, it sends an energy impulse. 

To the outside. This means dark matter can play a big role in the Big Bang. But there is one big “but”. That very big “but” means that matter and dark matter should form at different moments. If dark matter formed before visible matter, that means the dark matter interaction could trigger the Big Bang. 

But then. To the mysterious dark matter particles. Called Axions. 

Nobody seen an axion yet. But it's possible. Axions are the mythical dark matter particles. There is something that denies its interactions with other particles. And maybe. The neutrino or sterile neutrino can open the path to the axions. If we think of the possibility that neutrino spin turns extremely fast, and its speed is almost the speed of light. That can press the neutrino into the form of a small “worm”. This means that an axion could be a particle. That is like a small wire or a small worm. The idea is that the high speed, along with the fast spin, turns into a roll. The axion may be like a drill. That travels through all energy fields. 

This allows the particle tunnel itself to pass through other particles. So, the axion could be like a traveling tornado. In some models, the mythical tachyon. The theoretical faster-than-light particle forms the photon when its speed decreases below the speed of light.  

We cannot see tachyon. While. It travels faster than light.  When the tachyon slows its speed below the speed of light, it must transfer its energy somewhere. This means tachyon should form the ring-shaped energy impulse. 

This means the photon would be the quantum shockwave, like a light boom. That is similar to a sonic boom. It is in the molecular world. Then the tachyon that decreases its speed sends another particle. Like. A sterile neutrino or some other fermion or boson. Another thing is that. Maybe. Fusion reactors can tell reseachers something about things. Like. The speed of light and neutrinos. Fusion reactors could form neutrinos just like fusion reactions form neutrinos in the Sun. Neutrinos form because of the high-energy wave-particle duality. Fusion sends wave movement through standing waves. 

And in that interaction, form a neutrino. When neutrinos travel out from the star, they form quantum dots. During that journey, the neutrino binds energy on its shell. That makes lower energy points to the star. Energy starts to fall into those energy tunnels, and that means. If. This model is right, neutrinos play a big role in stars. It might deny the form of the standing waves that detonate a star. So. If we continue this reasoning chain. Mythical. Axions can explain why matter exists. The axion can make those quantum dots into the smallest parts of matter. When. An axion travels through a particle. It creates a lower energy point that pulls the particle into its form. 

https://scitechdaily.com/dark-matter-breakthrough-physicists-crack-big-bang-theory-puzzle/

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-tighten-the-net-around-the-elusive-sterile-neutrino/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

Types of neutrinos: 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_neutrino

A superkilonova, which has never been seen before, may be spotted.

"A puzzling cosmic blast detected in both light and gravitational waves may hint at a previously unseen type of explosion, challenging astronomers to rethink how neutron stars are born and collide. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Spotted a Never-Before-Seen “Superkilonova” Hidden Inside a Supernova)

"When the largest stars exhaust their fuel, they end their lives in powerful supernova explosions. These blasts scatter heavy elements such as carbon and iron into space, helping enrich the universe. A different and far rarer kind of cosmic explosion, known as a kilonova, happens when two neutron stars collide. Neutron stars are the dense remnants of dead stars, and when they merge, they can create even heavier elements, including gold and uranium. Materials like these later become part of new stars, planets, and other cosmic structures." (ScitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Spotted a Never-Before-Seen “Superkilonova” Hidden Inside a Supernova)

A kilonova is a cosmic event where two neutron stars or a neutron star and a black hole will collide. The kilonova can also happen when more than two neutron stars collide. Superkilonovas are events where the energy level of kilonovas is much higher than in regular kilonovas. Those events are infrequent. Superkilonovas are a hypothesis that more than two neutron stars impacting is still a possibility. 

"This artist’s concepts shows a hypothesized event known as a superkilonova. A massive star explodes in a supernova (left), which generates elements like carbon and iron. In the aftermath, two neutron stars are born (middle), at least one of which is believed to be less massive than our Sun. The neutron stars spiral together, sending gravitational waves rippling through the cosmos, before merging in a dramatic kilonova (right). Kilonovae seed the universe with the heaviest elements, such as gold at platinum, which glow with red light. Credit: Caltech/K. Miller and R. Hurt (IPAC)" (ScitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Spotted a Never-Before-Seen “Superkilonova” Hidden Inside a Supernova)

But. Those events have not seen yet. But. In some other cases, the massive star can explode as a supernova. That star can form two neutron stars that merge immediately. Or in some other models, in a binary star. There, the neutron star and massive star orbit each other. Massive star explodes as a supernova. The neutron star pulls that nebula onto its shell. And another star also leaves a neutron star behind it. 

"This artist’s animation shows a hypothesized event known as a superkilonova. A massive star explodes in a supernova, collapsing into a stellar core that forms two neutron stars. The neutron stars spiral together and merge, sending gravitational waves rippling through the cosmos and seeding the universe with heavy elements, such as gold and platinum. Credit: Caltech/K. Miller and R. Hurt (IPAC)" (ScitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Spotted a Never-Before-Seen “Superkilonova” Hidden Inside a Supernova)

Those events cause a situation in which neutron stars collide in the materia nebula, and that raises the kilonova’s energy level. The idea is that when a neutron star merger happens in a high-energy supernova remnant. That thing can raise. Its energy level. Sometimes. In the supernova remnants, there are neutron stars or magnetars. That seems too light. That thing can happen if something crushes the star from the outside. 

Things like other supernova explosives, material jets from black holes, or neutron stars can trigger a supernova explosion. In cases, there. The outer layer in the escaping material. It turns too hot. This means. The outer material energy level. Turns higher than the center. That energy can force a nebula fall into the middle of the star. If. The energy level in a star’s outer shell turns higher than the temperature in its core. That thing causes an effect. The stellar shell packs material into its core. 

If a planet’s atmosphere. Gets a very high energy impulse. That can cause a situation where the ultra-hot atmosphere presses. That planet is in an extremely dense form. In the cases that. There are lots of hydrocarbons. The planet. It can turn into a miniature white dwarf. Or. Planet-weight diamond. If that kind of energy impulse hits a white dwarf, that thing can turn it into “too light” a neutron star. The massive energy burst can also. Press planets into black holes. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-may-have-spotted-a-never-before-seen-superkilonova-hidden-inside-a-supernova/

Einstein’s light cone and five-dimensional spacetime.

“Light cone in 2D space plus a time dimension, more commonly referred to as ‘space time’” (Wikipedia)

The light cone introduces the model. That time focuses information on the hypersurface of the present. But why can't we see into the past or future? Entropy is introduced as the reason for. Why can't we see the future? Or to the past. This means that entropy scatters information into such a small mosaic and twists it. That information exists. But. We cannot collect it into a form. That. We can use it. 

Term spacetime, or. Space time. Means the space and time. “In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum. Spacetime diagrams are useful in visualizing and understanding relativistic effects, such as how different observers perceive where and when events occur.” (Wikipedia, spacetime)

There is a connection between time and space, and Einstein explained that connection by describing time as the fourth dimension. And maybe we should say that the time that travels forward or to the future is the fourth dimension. The arrow of time, as Eddington explains, states that when time moves forward, the arrow of time moves time backward. 

The arrow of time introduces black holes as a place where time appears to travel backward. That means that black holes can be seen as things. That pushes time forward. Time dilation causes that. When. The escape velocity turns higher. Than. The speed of light, time starts to travel backward. 

Above the gravitational pothole is the model of spacetime near the gravitational center. The black hole should turn the walls of the pothole. Through. Each other. That means its gravity field turns information around like a magnifying glass. 

Three versions of our point in relation to the light cone and the metasurface of the present. Each of those models is based on the model that there are five dimensions. Three of those dimensions are in space. And two are in time. 

1) If information focuses on the hypersurface of the present, it can act like an electromagnetic field. If information forms. Some kind. Of “electric arc”. We can be in a bubble. That denies us. From. Seeing the future or the past. That information focus that is behind or in front of us is so “bright” that we cannot see through it. 

2) Another model is that. We aren’t exactly on the information focus. If. We are in a place. Where. The information focus is behind. Or forward to us. That means we cannot see through that point. But the interesting model is that information should. Turn around. When. It travels through the metasurface of the present. 

3) The entropic model is that. Every single particle, or object in the universe. Are on. Its own metasurface of the present. Or, maybe we should say that the metasuface. The present is a complex entirety of structures. This means it's full of information focus points. And those focuses cause very high entropy.  

But. Then we can. Start. To. Think. About. Light cone. This model. Explains that the information focus is at the point of the hypersurface of the present. But are we on the hypersurface of the present? That is an interesting question. The idea is that information focus happens on that hypersurface. When time arrows touch each other, that event forms a structure. That is like when a magnifying glass focuses sunlight. Sometimes it is suggested that the material and the Big Bang formed when the light cone touched the hypersurface of the present. But why can't we see the future? The answer can be in entropy. And another thing is this: Materia is like a frozen electric arc. 

When we think about time dilation. And the hypersurface of the present. Time moves faster. At 30 cm above sea level. We can think. That. If the focus that forms when the light cone focuses information on the hypersurface of the present, the geometrical model of time in our universe is a ball. We are like in the middle of a giant electric arc, which could describe the geometrical model of time in the hypersurface of the present. There are actually three models of time, or how information focuses on the hypersurface. In those models, we are in the middle of a giant bubble, or we are not precise in the metasurface of the present. 

That means there is. Some kind. Of. Time focuses information behind. Or/and forward of us, if we think. That we travel in space from the past to the future. That focus. Denies us. To see the future. Another model is that the hypersurface of the present is not sharp. That means the universe is full of focuses that focus information from the future. And from the past. This is one of the attempts.  To introduce the nature of time or the geometry of time. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation

Dark energy and star formation.

"This Is the Entire Universe Squeezed into One Image" (Space.com)

Accelerating expansion of the universe doesn’t necessarily mean that dark energy exists. The expansion causes the effect that the gravity turns weaker relative to the other four fundamental forces. But if the energy level in the universe is stable relative to the gravity. That means that. The energy source can be in matter or particles. That evaporates or turns into wave movement.  Another thing that could explain the static energy field is an outside energy source. And that causes the thought about the existence of other universes. 

Another dark energy source. It can be. In the galaxy filament. When those megastructures accelerate and slow. Those structures bind and release extra energy. Spinning protons and electrons in atomic hydrogen can accelerate and slow. Those particles are in a Bose-Einstein condensate state. That means those particles can be closed. In. The united quantum field. When some GRBs hit those fields, they send energy through the galaxy filament. Those waves can also explain dark energy. 

Could the Doppler effect, or redshift, explain dark energy? When objects are separating, redshift stretches the wavelength. That means it's possible that the red light. Turns into infrared radiation. Also. Infrared can turn into radio waves. And gamma-rays can turn into X-rays. Blueshift means that. When objects are closing. The wavelength turns shorter. But also things. Like gravitational fields, other radiation fields affect the wavelength. This means that. Part of the cosmic microwave background could have an origin as the infrared radiation. That redshift stretches. 

In some other model. The Bose-Einstein condensate. The state can cause an effect. That makes protons and neutrons turn so large that quarks inside them can drive quantum fields between them. That effect can cause quantum-size electric arcs between those quarks. And that thing can turn the particle invisible. And waves. Those impacts form. It could be a source of dark energy. But. The Doppler effect between separating particles may turn visible light into infrared radiation. 

The blueshift can also transform infrared into shorter-wavelength radiation. The IR radiation has the most effective radiation effect. If. Radiation transforms into radio waves. Or visible light, which means the radiation's effect on matter turns lower. 

We can say that dark energy. Is. Free energy that whirls around material. That free energy rips the universe into pieces. The reason why the acceleration of the universe accelerates. Is that. The gravitational effect between objects. Turns weaker. Because their distance grows. But. Things like quantum fields are also turning weaker. This means that quantum fields cannot transport energy. So strongly that quantum fields transported energy in the young universe. Without those fields, there is no movement. Even gravity waves cannot move in weak quantum fields. 

In some models. There is a shockwave. That formed during the Big Bang around the universe. The thing. That supports this shockwave is that, without that shockwave. The universe should collapse immediately. The shockwave will not travel at the speed of light. Because. The universe’s gravity pulls it back. This shockwave requires that something resists the escaping energy and matter. 

Then we can look at the time cone. And ask one interesting question: can we say that the universe could be like an electric arc? This means that the information focus can be in the metasurface of the present. Then two energy flows. Or. Maybe two arrows of time, impacted. That thing caused a shockwave that could form a vacuum. Forward. Of expanding material. That means there may be a so-called cosmic vacuum around the universe. 

If. Radiation crosses that type of vacuum. Its wavelength turns longer. In the same way. The universe’s own gravity fields. Stretch radiation. So. That means. Redshift. Forms infrared radiation in the universe. When we think about redshift and blueshift, that means that objects move against each other. Blueshift means. The wavelength of radiation turns shorter. When. Objects travel. To. Each other. In the universe, most objects. Like galactic megaclusters are traveling away from each other. This means that there is more red light in the universe than blue light. That means there is more infrared radiation in the universe than there should be. The redshift can pull red visible light into the infrared area. 

"A graphical representation of the expansion of the universe from the Big Bang to the present day, with the inflationary epoch represented as the dramatic expansion seen on the left. This visualization shows only a section of the universe; the empty space outside the diagram should not be taken to represent empty space outside the universe (which does not necessarily exist)." (Wikipedia, Expansion of the universe)

In. The same way. Redshift pulls gamma-rays into the X-ray area. And a black hole can stretch gamma rays into the IR- or even radio area. That slide is possible in the extreme gravitational field. The gravity field also stretches radiation. This means that things like gravity fields can transform visible light into the infrared or even radio waves. This means that it's possible that. Dark energy is energy that forms when other energy forms. Or radiation wavelength stretches through the electromagnetic spectrum. That means the radiation that travels through the infrared area affects. Like. Infrared radiation in the moment. It is spent. In. The electromagnetic spectrum’s infrared area. 

Redshift affects across the electromagnetic spectrum. Things like gravity fields stretch light. This means that redshift can also turn part of the infrared radiation into microwaves or radio waves. So. Maybe the secret of dark energy. It is in. The redshift, the Doppler effect. That removes part of the infrared radiation from the universe. This happens because black holes and separating objects stretch radiation. Maybe. The origin of the 3K radiation is in a situation. The Doppler effect. Turns the wave movement longer. The fact is that the Doppler effect or redshift affects all kinds of radiation. 

When we think about dark matter and dark energy, it’s possible that if the level of dark energy in the universe stays stable. And the gravity effect turns lower. This can cause acceleration. Of. The expansion of the universe. So, in that model, dark energy can be virtual. When. Energy in the universe stays stable because of matter. Like. Particles turn into radiation or wave movement. When. The relations of the four fundamental forces change. That. It can look like dark energy. 

"A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths" (Wikipedia, Electromagnetic spectrum)

Does the star formation continue in the cooling universe? 

When we look at the image of the universe, we can see that galaxies are mainly located near the “shell” of the universe. That means that if a shockwave is traveling outward, it creates whirls. Those whirls form black holes and then stars. The existence of the shockwave that formed during the Big Bang explains why we cannot see other universes. Another thing that this ancient shockwave explains is why there are galaxies, and why those galaxies are like they are. So the chain for star formation is this: 

1) First, it forms the black hole. 

2) That black hole forms a quasar. 

3) Then, the quasar pulls gas and later dust around it. 

4) Star formation begins when the energy level turns low enough. And conditions are stable enough.

5) Star formation ends in a galaxy when all hydrogen is used.  

"Artist's illustration showing the life of a massive star: Nuclear fusion converts lighter elements into heavier ones; when fusion no longer generates enough pressure to counteract gravity, the star collapses into a black hole. During this collapse, energy may be released as a momentary burst of gamma-rays aligned to the axis of rotation." (Wikipedia,Gamma-ray burst)

The star forms in a whirl in the galactic nebula. The whirl collects matter from around it and starts to condense into a star. So, as long as galaxies can form, the star formation continues. But someday in the future, the matter in the universe turns so thin that star formation stops. In galaxies, star formation stops when all hydrogen is used. As. A star’s energy source. Or black holes pull all material inside them. Star formation can also end if the entropy destroys the whirl. The star starts to form. 

This thing happens only in old galaxies. When. Galaxy formation ends. That causes the end of the star formation. Some day. In the future. Star formation ends. When matter turns too thin, there is no possibility of forming stars. 

 In a young universe, stars might. Also, be from outside the galaxies. That happens even today, but those stars turn very massive. The reason for that thing. Is that. There is no interference. Like star wind.  Or the radiation of the supermassive black hole. Also. Gravitation can destroy a protostar. If a protostar. It is too close to another star. A black hole. Or white dwarf. Those things. Can destroy it. Before. The fusion starts. 

When the universe’s expansion continues, the gravitational effect between galaxies turns weaker. The quantum field between objects turns weaker. This means energy travels out from particles, and that increases free energy in the universe.  That increases entropy. But. Otherwise, weaker quantum fields around galaxies and a colder universe make that free energy weaker. The interactions between mass centers. Like galaxies are complicated. The weaker energy fields and expanding universe mean that the scattering effect turns weaker. 

Same way. Redshift between objects turns stronger. Redshift means that there is more infrared radiation than should be. Redshift or the Doppler effect means that the spectrum. Turns red. That means red visible light can stretch into infrared. Infrared can turn into microwaves or radio waves. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/stars-form-within-expanding-universe/

https://www.space.com/31517-entire-universe-squeezed-one-image.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_filament

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

Uranus and Neptune might not be what they seem.

"Researchers have uncovered evidence that Uranus and Neptune could be far rockier on the inside than anyone expected. Their unusual magnetic fields and uncertain internal makeup show why new missions are needed to reveal what these planets are really like. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, New Findings Suggest Uranus and Neptune Are Not What They Seem)

“The Solar System is usually grouped into three main types of planets based on what they are made of: the four rocky terrestrial worlds (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars), the two massive gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn), and the pair of ice giants (Uranus and Neptune). (ScitechDaily, New Findings Suggest Uranus and Neptune Are Not What They Seem)

“New research from a scientific team at the University of Zurich (UZH) suggests that Uranus and Neptune may not fit neatly into that final category. Their findings indicate that both planets could contain much more rock than previously assumed. The study does not argue that the two worlds must be water-rich or rock-rich; instead, it challenges the long-standing belief that an ice-heavy composition is the only viable explanation. This perspective is also supported by the discovery that the dwarf planet Pluto is primarily made of rock.”(ScitechDaily, New Findings Suggest Uranus and Neptune Are Not What They Seem)

New information suggests that Uranus and Neptune are rocky planets. This would be one of the most incredible findings in modern astronomy. The fact is that. Gravity doesn’t tell everything. About. The size of the planets.“Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but it very rarely occurs in its pure form in the Earth's crust. It is widely distributed throughout space in cosmic dust, planetoids, and planets in various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.” (Wikipedia, Silicon). 

This means that if there is mainly silicon and lighter solid elements. Even. If the planet is large. 

It’s possible. It still has quite a weak gravity. Compared to its size. The massive rocky planets called “super earths” and “hot neptunes” are giving a tip that. Maybe there are misunderstandings about those two planets. The mass of Uranus is 14.536 times that of Earth, but that includes its massive atmosphere. The gravity on that planet’s surface is 0.886g. The mass of Neptune is 17.147 times that of Earth. Surface gravity of Neptune is 1.149g.  

As in the case of Uranus. Neptune's massive atmosphere. Raises that planet’s mass. So, are Uranus and Neptune gas planets? The gas giants are not always gas. They are probably quite small planets with a large atmosphere. But all of those planets have a point where solid layers begin. The gas giant formation begins. When. A quite small rocky point acts as the gravitational center. Then that gravitational center starts to collect gas and dust around it. 

The environment must be so stable that the solar wind doesn’t blow those gas and dust layers off, while the planet is forming. This means that planets like hot Jupiters. Or ultra-hot gas giants must form far from their suns.  The ultra-hot rocky planet can be closer to its star. And in some cases, those planets are made of melted iron. In cases like hot Jupiters, the massive gravity of those planets keeps them in form. If. Planet formation starts in interstellar space. That planet will turn. 

Into an extremely large. Interstellar traveller. This requires that the planet formation begins in an interstellar nebula, with no light elements. Those nebulae are supernova remnants and nova remnants. If. There are lots of heavy elements. Those elements cannot start fusion. There is another theoretical possibility. That the small star could turn into a planet. The idea is that the supernova near a small star or brown dwarf can push so much material away from that star that its fusion ends. 

https://scitechdaily.com/new-findings-suggest-uranus-and-neptune-are-not-what-they-seem/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus

The next-generation technology means the end of reality as we know it.

The future is now: The BCI (Brain-Computer Interface)can make. The ultimate change. To the entire society. The reality and dreams. They are turning into the ultimate reality. The BCI makes it possible. To turn imagination into physical objects. The system can read brain activity or thoughts. And turn it into texts. And maybe quite soon, straight into images. There is a possibility that the texts. What the BCI brings from the human brain. Or reads from the mind. It will be driven. To the AI, which turns them into images. But maybe quite soon, it will be possible to transmit images of dreams and imagination straight to the computer screen. And the system can drive those images to the 3D printers. The BCI can make the digital twin of the human mind. Or entire humans. 

Do you remember the movie “Firefox”? The fictional Sci-Fi fighter movie. About the jet-fighter. With brain-controlled weapon systems. The new brain implants and neural research mean that. The future turns into reality. The voice-controlled computers are “quite easy” to connect to modern jet fighters. Those systems require only soundproof helmets. And a microphone that the system can detect the voice. The system might have two-stage command protocols. The command must have the preparation part. 

The operator must say, for example, the word “System” so that the system knows that the command is for it. And then the command that the system must accomplish. The calibration can be made using the commands that the system must recognize. And then the pilot or whatever operator says the words that the system accepts as a command. Voice commands are hard to install in mobile systems, because there is noise around the user. 

But the person who works in soundproof spaces can use those commands. The voice commands can also be used to train BCI (Brain-Computer Interfaces). BCI is an AI-based system that allows the brain to communicate with the computer. These kinds of AI require training. As other AIs. 

The voice command. Supports the BCI. To make commands clear. The BCI systems that recognize the EEG. And then connect that thing with certain actions. The BCI system is possible. To accomplish. With the brain-implanted microchips. And the helmets that can communicate with those implants. The BCI systems that don’t require implants are tools that turn the ultimate virtual reality or “the second” reality into reality. And those kinds of things. Are tools. That can create fake memories. Those fake memories can be used in training. Or they can be used to destroy political careers. Fake memories can make it possible to create the “nasty joke” for some politician. 

"Firefox Trailer". Today. Chinese and Americans construct hypersonic fighters. And attack aircraft. Those who use the BCI-controlled operating systems. The Tempest 2 program planned to use the BCI operating systems. And we can say that modern technology is better than what this Sci-Fi fighter had in that film.

Those things can be used to make people lie about things like some heroic actions. like being in a war, or participating in rescue operations. Those fake memories can be boosted with fake medals. And that makes a person feel like a liar. The BCI can also turn technical telepathy into reality. The ability to exchange things. Feelings, touches, and other senses with other people. Are things. That can seem attractive. The BCI is the system that opens the road into our mind. The loss of data security. Can mean that hackers can hack those implants. And steal our memories or manipulate them. 

There is also a possibility of using those systems. As brain control tools. There are people like Kim Jong-Un who might want to use those tools. As control tools. Those brain implants can activate brain areas that control pain. If the person even thinks. To resist the high commander. The BCI systems can also make many things. That we don’t even think about. Those systems allow the technical singularity. The man and the machine turn into one. The system can control human-shaped robots. From a long distance. 

When a person uses the BCI. The brain will not separate those stimuli from real things. The BCI communicates with the brain directly through the cortex. So if the system transmits information into a certain brain lobe, the lobe cannot make a difference with the information. That comes from the senses. The BCI system transmits to the brain shell. This causes a model that, if the person uses BCI for things like playing games. Can cause an effect. That the person simply dies of hunger. Or will be trapped in multiple internal virtual reality levels. 

This thing can end death as we know it. The BCI that communicates with the internet can make a digital twin of the human mind for the computer. That digital twin is the tool that can turn human life into an eternal continuum. The system can clone the person and then transfer memories. That the person had. To the clone’s brain. This thing means the end of death and society as we know it. The BCI is the tool. That is meant to give new life. To paralyzed people. 

Those systems can be limited to implanting for people who have 4-limb paralysis. But we know. That there are people who have money. Those people can buy those implants from places like Pattaya or some corrupt countries. Or people like Kim Jong-Un can sell those implants for Western money and luxury. And there are people who willingly pay for those things. The BCI system stimulates the brain center that controls pleasure. can turn into the next-generation drug. 

https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62289737

Highest is not always hardest.

The most dangerous point can be found. In the journey. 

Also, other than the highest mountains. Mean something. Every mountain cannot be the highest. There are many others. Than the highest mountains. If we want to climb those lower mountains, we must be as prepared as we would be climbing to the highest mountain. 

Another way to think about the painting “Wanderer above the sea of fog” is simply. To think that the man is at a point. The thing is that the mountain might seem easy. But the journey to it might be hard. That means that also other mountains. Than the highest mountains are mountains. Those other mountains also have their slopes and existence. The man must beat all the mountains that are on his route to the highest mountain.

The hiker must make a choice. There, he must select which route he choose. There are two peaks on the horizon. The lower peak is difficult, but the higher peak seems easy. That means the highest peaks are not always the hardest to reach. Another thought is this. Finally, we face a position. We must make a decision. The highest is not a synonym for hardest. So, if the wanderer chooses the higher peak, the journey to that peak is difficult. But the peak itself can be quite easy. 

Or is the peak that seems lower at a longer distance? This means. That the thing that is far away might seem small. But there is a big surprise. There might be many peaks and hilltops between that wanderer and the goal. The goal can be the highest peak. But which of those two peaks is taller? And even lower peaks can always be hard to exceed. Even if we know the highest mountain and try to climb to it, we face reality. The reality is that lower hills. Also means something. There are many other actors. And not all actors seem tough. But we must also notice the lower actors. 

The top man sees only other top men.

 

Wanderer above the Sea of Fog (Der Wanderer über dem Nebelmeer). A painting by a German Romanticist artist. Caspar David Friedrich's 1818 is one of the most well-known paintings in history. (Wikipedia).

Sometimes this painting is suggested to be a portrait. About the journey to the unknown. The wanderer sees the valley where he has ever been. Fog covers the bottom, and the person knows that he must go down. There is no turning back from that position. Wanderer is free and feeling comfortable, except he is alone. Nobody sees that person, so he can do anything he wants. 

The person sees another hilltop and mountains. Those things are higher than the place where that person stands. If a wanderer wants to climb to those mountains. That requires walking through the valleys. And the person must also get the mountain climber equipment. The composition shows danger. Excitement. And also the moment before stepping into the unknown. If the person wants to change the position, he must go through a rocky, difficult, and unknown route. 

The wanderer traveled for a long time. Now he has a vision of what to do next. The vision is to conquer even higher mountains. He conquered the summit of one hill. Now he wants to conquer more challenging hills and mountains. He wants to be at the top. He faced one challenge and overcame it. Now he wants to overcome more challenges. The mountains on the horizon symbolize challenges. And the hill where the wanderer stands symbolizes the challenge the wanderer has succeeded in overcoming. The first challenge is always toughest. And it trains to beat more difficult challenges. 

The wanderer knows that there is no return. There is no place to go backward. There is a suggestion that this painting symbolizes life. We cannot go back. Into our youth. We can only move forward to a future that is unknown to us. Maybe that portrait symbolizes a person on the edge. Of adulthood. Or maybe that person is a graduate student. The studies are ready. But there is only one thing to make. That is a step to working life. That means the next step. It is a step to adventure. 

It is sometimes suggested that planet Venus’s landscape. Might look like this. Maybe someday in the distant future we will get a photograph. There is an astronaut or a robot. That stands as this wanderer stands in the painting above Venus’s landscape. Those thoughts are interesting. And they bring their own charm to philosophy and imagination. 

But let’s go back to that painting. The person stands above a mystical foggy landscape. The painting is introduced in many philosophical texts, which tell about things. like stoicism. The painting is introduced as a portrait. Of a person. Who stands above fog and is their own master. Or the character portraits person who stands above. And the same way outside the other world. The person stands alone and isolated above the fog. 

People are in the fog. And the person cannot see them. The people in the valleys. Either see that person, and they can communicate by yelling. The person who stands above the fog can hear people below the fog. But that person cannot see them. This is one of the things that can connect this painting to Stoicism. The person stands above and outside society. This means freedom and loneliness. 

But there is another thing this painting tells people. The person who stands on the hill, or hilltop, is the topman. The topman sees other hilltops. This means that the topman sees only other topmen. So, topman sees other topmen, but those topmen might not have a vision of what regular people can do with the same things. Topmen can be ultra-rich people who know many other rich people. Those people often serve as managers.  They work with other managers. And those other managers open doors. To them, more often than regular people. 

Top actors talk with other top people. Top people see only top things. And that is their strength and weakness. Loneliness is the price of being free. Or maybe the top man searches other top men. 

The top scientists and other professionals also talk with other top professionals and other top scientists. They might never think what a regular actor in their sector does. When we think about the top computer specialists. There is always news about the voice files. That can open any computer system to hackers. But can a regular hacker make those things? And can a regular ICT operator even know those people? Is an ICT operator. Some kind of typical worker? 

We can think of that thing as a Formula 1 driver. Those drivers are the most well-known people in the world. But are those Formula 1 drivers typical drivers? Is a Formula 1 driver a typical car racer? And does the Formula 1 driver make the car that he uses? Topmen work with other topmen. But regular actors. It might be invisible to the top men.  And regular actors are not seeing top men. There is fog between the top and the bottom. Regular actors don’t understand the top. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog